derision, scorn,
loathing, anger, hate, and so on.

Voice, as we have seen, possesses five generic properties, pitch, force,
quality, time, and abruptness; and, in every spoken word, it must assume
some mode of _each_ of these properties, manifesting them in
co-existence. This conjoint mode, or _vocal sign_, as it is called,
should be the appropriate expression of the thought and feeling of which
the word, in its place in the sentence, is the _graphical sign_. Hence,
as each word in a sentence may be said to have its appropriate vocal
sign, so each variety of diction may be said to have its appropriate
vocal expression,--a latitude of choice in the constituent modes, and a
consequent indeterminateness in the resulting expression, being, of
course, always conceded.

The appropriate vocal expression for the diction of discourse may be
said to consist of the following modes:--normal pitch, simple
intonations, and waves of a second, moderate force, the equable
concrete varied by slight radical stress, in quality the natural mode,
in abruptness sufficient sharpness of opening to effect clear
articulation, and in time a moderate rate with effusive utterance.

As the diction rises above this plain unimpassioned character, and
becomes more and more informed with feeling and sentiment, the
constituent vocal signs, and hence the whole vocal expression, become
more and more expressive. In pitch there is frequent variation: in
expressions of joy, astonishment, or for command, the voice assumes
naturally a somewhat higher elevation; and with equal naturalness it
descends below its normal level to utter the language of grave, solemn,
and reverential feeling. Again, inasmuch as the interval of the second
is the plainest and simplest within the command of the voice, in such
diction as we are now considering, intervals of a third, a fifth, or
even an octave, may be heard, both in simple intonations and in waves.
Force, too, will not be unvaryingly applied, but will be greater or less
according as energy or passion may demand. In stress the equable
concrete will give place to the radical or to the final, to express
energetic resolve; or, in the language of pathos, exaltation, reverence,
supplication, and so on, to the median--the most effective of all modes
for the expression of such deep feeling as is compatible with slow
utterance. In time the rate of utterance will vary with the syllabic
quantities, these being short and crisp in t