e at least one-half inch clearance for the
window or door frame, so as to give sufficient room to plumb and set the
frame.

SETTING UP.--First set up the corner posts, plumbing and bracing them.
Cut a top plate for each side you are working on.

[Illustration: _Fig. 231._]

THE PLATE.--As it will be necessary in our job to use two or more
lengths of 2" x 4" scantling for the plate, it will be necessary to join
them together. Do this with a lap-and-butt joint (Fig. 231).

Then set up the 4" x 4" posts for the sides of the doors and windows,
and for the partition walls.

The plate should be laid down on the sill, and marked with a pencil for
every scantling to correspond with the sill markings. The plate is then
put on and spiked to the 4" x 4" posts.

INTERMEDIATE STUDDING.--It will then be an easy matter to put in the
intermediate 2" x 4" studding, placing them as nearly as possible 16
inches apart to accommodate the 48-inch plastering lath.

[Illustration: _Fig. 232._]

WALL HEADERS.--When all the studding are in you will need headers above
and rails below the windows and headers above all the doors, so that you
will have timbers to nail the siding to, as well as for the lathing.

CEILING JOISTS.--We are now ready for the ceiling joists, which are,
usually, 2" x 6", unless there is an upper floor. These are laid 16
inches apart from center to center, preferably parallel with the floor
joist.

It should be borne in mind that the ceiling joist must always be put on
with reference to the roof.

Thus, in Fig. 232, the ceiling joists (A) have their ends resting on the
plate (B), so that the rafters are in line with the joists.

BRACES.--It would also be well, in putting up the studding, to use
plenty of braces, although for a one-story building this is not so
essential as in two-story structures, because the weather boarding
serves as a system of bracing.

[Illustration: _Fig. 233._]

THE RAFTERS.--These may be made to provide for the gutter or not, as may
be desired. They should be of 2" x 4" scantling.

THE GUTTER.--In Fig. 233 I show a most serviceable way to provide for
the gutter. A V-shaped notch is cut out of the upper side of the rafter,
in which is placed the floor and a side. This floor piece is raised at
one end to provide an incline for the water.

A face-board is then applied and nailed to the ends of the rafters. This
face-board is surmounted by a cap, which has an overhang, beneath which