others. English and German editors have
interpreted them as follows:[7]

_Latin_ _English_ _German_
bulga water bucket Wasserkubel, Kehrrad
orbiculis suction pump Pumpe
situlis chain of dippers Kannen (werke), Bulgenkunst[8]
machina, quae pilis rag and chain Heinzenkunst, Taschenkunst[9]
aquas hauriut pump

[Illustration: Figure 2.--BRUNSWICK SILVER 1-1/2 TALER, Ernst August,
1688. (_U. S. National Museum, Paul A. Straub coll.; Smithsonian
photo 43334-A._)]

Figure 2 shows two shaft-houses covering pumps driven by
Stangenkunsten. The source of power, hidden by the curious "log
cabin" at the right, was probably a waterwheel. I have not found
evidence that the Stangenkunst was used to operate bucket hoists, as
appears to be the case here. It will be noticed that the above and
below ground portions of these illustrations do not correlate
precisely. This coin, like the others, shows miners doing various
things familiar from Agricola--divining, digging, carrying, and
operating windlasses.

Figure 3 exhibits the principal advantage of the Stangenkunst, in
its utilization to connect a waterwheel located in a valley stream
to driven machinery on the mountain some distance above. The
lute-playing girl (Lautenspielerin) refers to the Lautental mine. A
Stangenkunst (fig. 7) existed here as recently as 1930.

The mines shown in figures 1-3 are in the Harz region.

Figures 4 and 5 show the St. Anna mine in the Erzgebirge, near
Freiberg, as illustrated on a medal in the Brunswick museum.
Prominent in figure 4 is an aqueduct, one function of which is to
supply a waterwheel in the house below, which in turn delivers power
through the Stangenkunst to two open shafts. The reverse (fig. 5),
an unusually fine view of the inner workings of a mine, shows, above
ground, a typical horse whim driving a bucket windlass. Below ground
is shown a crank-driven piston pump typical of those driven by
Stangenkunst. In this case, however, it is driven by an underground
vertical treadmill.

[Illustration: Figure 3.--BRUNSWICK SILVER 4 TALER, Ernst August, 1685.
(_U. S. National Museum, Paul A. Straub coll.; Smithsonian photo
43334-A._)]

[Illustration: Figure 4.--MEDAL, 1690, SHOWING ST. ANNA MINE, near
Freiberg. (_Photo courtesy of