t be dishonoured, and her identity
might never have been discovered had she not been recognised by a lawyer
in court. She died of a broken heart a few days after her trial.

PART II

CRIME, ITS ORIGIN, CAUSE, AND CURE

CHAPTER I

_ORIGIN AND CAUSES OF CRIME_

In order to determine the origin of actions which we call criminal, we
shall be forced to hark back to a very remote period in the history of
the human race. In all the epochs of which records exist, we find traces
of criminal actions. In fact, if we study minutely the customs of savage
peoples, past and present, we find that many acts that are now
considered criminal by civilised nations were legitimate in former
times, and are to-day reputed such among primitive races.

According to Pictet the Latin word _crimen_ is derived from the Sanscrit
_karman_, which signifies action corresponding to _kri_ to do. This is
contradicted by Vanicek who derives it from _kru_, to hear, _croemen_
(accusation). At any rate, the Sanscrit word _apaz_, which means sin,
corresponds to _apas_, work (_opus_), the Latin _facinus_ derives from
_facere_, and _culpa_ according to Pictet and Pott, from the Sanscrit
_kalp_, to do or execute. The Latin word _fur_ (thief) which Vanicek
derives from _bahr_, to carry, the Hebrew _ganav_ and the Sanscrit
_sten_ only signify to put aside, to hide, to cover (_gonav_). The Greek
word _peirao_ from which pirate is derived, signifies to risk; the Greek
_chleptein_ to hide or steal, is derived from the Sanscrit _harp-hlap_
to hide and steal (Vanicek).

In India, from Ceylon to the Himalayas, infanticide is sanctified by
religion, not only among the more barbarous races, but also among the
Rajputs, the nobles, who think themselves dishonoured if one of their
daughters remains unmarried. The inhabitants of the Island of Tikopia,
kill more male children than female, a fact that accounts for their
practice of polygamy.

Marco Polo speaks of the infanticide practised in Japan and China, which
was then, as it is now, a means of regulating the population. The same
practice--common to Bushmen, Hottentots, Fijians, also existed among the
natives of Hawaii and America. In the Island of Tahiti, according to the
testimony of missionaries, two thirds of the children born are destroyed
by their parents.

"Amongst the Guaranys," says D'Azara, "mothers kill a large proportion
of their female infants, in order that the survivors may be more hi