. (1) _That of St. Basil_, which prevailed by degrees
over all the others in the East, and which is retained by all the
Oriental monks; (2) _That of St. Augustine_, which was adopted by the
regular canons, the order of Premontre, the order of the Preaching
Brothers or Dominicans, and several military orders. (3) _That of St.
Benedict_, which, adopted successively by all the monks of the West,
still remained the common rule of the monastic order, properly so
called, up to the thirteenth century; the orders of the Camaldules of
Vallombrosa, of the Carthusians, and of Citeaux recognised this rule as
the basis of their special constitutions, although the name of monk of
St. Benedict or Benedictine monk may still be specially assigned to
others. (4) _The Rule of St. Francis_ signalised the advent of the
Mendicant orders in the thirteenth century. It is to be noted that the
denomination of monks is not generally attributed to the religious who
follow the rule of St. Augustine, nor to the Mendicant orders.[315]

The canonical hours at which the monastic bell regularly summoned the
monks were seven in number:--(1) Prime, about 6 A.M.; (2) Tierce, about
9 A.M.; (3) Sext, about noon; (4) Nones, from 2 to 3 P.M.; (5) Vespers,
about 4 P.M. or later; (6) Compline, 7 P.M.; (7) Matins and Lauds, about
midnight.

Scottish monasticism exhibited the expansion of the two main
streams--the Augustinian and the Benedictine, and each subsequent order
is to be regarded as an endeavour towards reform. Space will only permit
us to deal with the Augustinian establishments at St. Andrews, Holyrood,
and Jedburgh; with the Premonstratensian abbey of Dryburgh; with the
Benedictine abbey of Dunfermline; with the Cluniacensian abbey of
Paisley; with the Tyronensian abbeys of Kelso and Arbroath; with the
Cistercian abbey of Melrose. The Premonstratensian order was a reform on
the Augustinian, and the Cluniacensian, Tyronensian, and Cistercian
orders, reforms on the Benedictine order. A study of their history and
architecture in representative forms will introduce us to the piety and
beauty of former days, as well as to an order of things very different
from our own.[316]

_St. Andrew's Priory._--The priory or Augustinian monastery was situated
to the south of the cathedral (_q.v._), and was founded by Bishop Robert
in 1144. The structure has now almost disappeared. It comprised about
twenty acres, and was enclosed about 1516 by Prior John Hepburn with