e dirt adherent to each of the filters was obtained from one pint
of milk. The milks tested were produced on different farms.]

Much reduction as to the amount of dirt that finds its way into milk
may be accomplished by improved stable environment. The fouling of
the udder and flanks comes from wading in dirty water, muddy yards,
and from improper type of stalls. Barnyards are often a disgrace
through the accumulation of manure and seepage. Cows wading in such
mire cannot but accumulate mud and filth to a material degree on the
teats and udder. Greater care as to drainage of the barnyard and the
paving of same with gravel, cinders, etc., will permit of its being
kept clean, and so prevent the fouling of animals. But more
important than the yard is the stall which the animal occupies in
the stable. The essential feature is to have a stall of such
construction as to keep the animal out of her own manure when she
lies down. To accomplish this, it is necessary to have a manure drop
behind the stall proper so that the feces and urine are kept out of
the bed of the stall as much as possible.

[Illustration: Fig. 11.--The Model Stall.

A stall of this type keeps the animals clean, and thus aids greatly
in producing good milk.]

Most of the stalls widely advertised in the farm press seek to
accomplish this in one way or another, usually by some arrangement
by which the cow is forced back when standing and drawn forward on
lying down. In Fig. 11 a type of stall is illustrated that
accomplishes this most successfully; the essential feature being a
2x3-inch wood strip nailed to the stall floor immediately in front
of the hind feet of the animal when in a standing position. When the
animal lies down, she crowds forward to avoid lying on this strip,
and thus is out of contact with the manure, except such as is
carried onto the bedding by the hind feet. By the use of this stall
it is possible to keep the animals free from all accumulations of
manure.

Effort should be made to prevent fouling of the animals rather than
in cleaning them after once soiled. It is very evident that where
the cattle come to the milker with muddy udders, they will not be so
cleaned before milking as to prevent a large amount of such dirt
from entering the milk. However, when all that can be done towards
keeping the cows clean has been accomplished, a small amount of
grooming will greatly reduce the contamination coming from them.

The kind of beddin