s defeated
at Mackinaw. Hull surrendered Detroit to Brock, British governor of Upper
Canada, who had formed an alliance with the Indians. Fort Dearborn
(Chicago), was burned by the Indians, and the settlers massacred. In a
battle near Fort George, on October 13, General Brock was killed, but the
Americans were forced to retreat. Dearborn made a fruitless attempt to
invade Canada.

On June 22, Napoleon, with over six hundred thousand men, began his
disastrous Russian campaign. The Russians devastated the country as they
retired before his advance. At Smolensk they inflicted upon the French a
loss of fifteen thousand, fired the city, and retreated. The French,
stricken with disease, suffering from lack of food, and beset on all sides
by the Russians, pushed on toward Moscow. At Borodino, after a desperate
battle, Napoleon won a disastrous victory; nearly a hundred thousand men
fell on both sides. The French entered Moscow, but within a few hours the
city was in flames--fired by the Russians at the order of the governor,
Rostopchin. Russian peasants slaughtered thousands of French stragglers.
Napoleon's peace overtures being rejected, he was compelled to evacuate
Moscow, after blowing up the Kremlin. The retreat of the French was worse
than the battles, and thousands of them perished from cold or lack of
food. The Russians pursued, and won battle after battle. Of the grand army
that invaded Russia, only a tenth recrossed the frontier. In Spain, the
French lost Cadiz and Madrid, and were defeated by Wellington at
Salamanca. In December, Napoleon hurried to Paris, crushed Malet's
conspiration against him, and called for a new conscription of three
hundred and fifty thousand men. This year more than a million lives were
lost in the Napoleonic wars.

Louisiana admitted to the Union. Iodin discovered by Dr. de Courtois, of
Paris. An earthquake in Caracas killed twelve thousand persons. The
English publisher of Thomas Paine's books fined and pilloried. Luddite
anti-machinery agitation increased in England.

=RULERS--The same as in the previous year.=

1813

Napoleon set Pius VII at liberty, and arranged the Concordat between
church and state in France. Prussia joined Russia against Napoleon, who
fought a series of battles with the allies in central Germany, the most
important being those of Luetzen and Bautzen. Wellington's decisive victory
over the French at Vittoria--where shrapnel shells were first used in
warfare--ga