who injures the trade.

"_3rd._ With respect to agriculture, crown lands, or
ecclesiastical property.

"The Israelite is prohibited from taking on lease, nor is
he ever allowed to be the proprietor of any lands, however
small in extent; for even the property of private
individuals he can only rent by paying heavy taxes for the
patent, and then even is not allowed to employ Christian
assistants.

"_4th._ Additional taxes.

"(_a_) An Israelite has to pay a tax of three kopecs,
besides the usual tax, upon each pound of beef or veal
lawfully prepared for his use; fifteen kopecs silver for a
turkey, five kopecs silver for a fowl, eight kopecs silver
for a duck, and nine kopecs silver for a goose.

"(_b_) A Hebrew labourer living in the vicinity of Warsaw
cannot enjoy the advantage of bringing his goods or the
produce of his land into the capital, there being a law
that every Israelite from the provinces who comes to town
should pay, daily, ten silver kopecs for permission to
stay, and seven and a-half silver kopecs for the duty on
the stamp.

"(_c_) An Israelite dealing in spirituous liquors lies
exclusively under taxes for such a privilege. Thus an
individual having a brewhouse and brandy distillery has to
pay 25 dollars to the City Exchequer, 66-2/3 dollars to
the finances of the State, 66-2/3 for the distillery,
66-2/3 for the brewery, amounting to 291-2/3 dollars
annually; and although he pays for such a privilege
dearly, he cannot bequeath it to his child, for only those
are allowed to enjoy it who obtained permission in the
year 1809.

"_5th._ Other restrictions.

"(_a_) An Israelite is not allowed to appear as a witness
in a case of lawsuit against a Christian, for his evidence
is not considered valid. The great injury he must sustain
from such a law or practice is incalculable.

"(_b_) As soldiers, although they may distinguish
themselves in the army or navy, they are not permitted to
rise in rank. The mode of enrolling recruits is also most
painful; for, notwithstanding a distinct decree having
been issued by His Majesty's Government in the year 1843,
that recruits should be given up to the authorities by the
community, without the interference of any officer, still
great wrongs are committed by some of the petty officers,
which cause the ruin of numerous families.

"(_c_) They have not the advantage, like