fic treatment, and not by violent measures dictated by
stupidity and hatred.

CHAPTER VIII

THE SPREAD OF ANARCHISM IN EUROPE

First Period (1867-1880) -- The Peace and Freedom League --
The Democratic Alliance and the Jurassic Bund -- Union with
and Separation from the "International" -- The Rising at
Lyons -- Congress at Lausanne -- The Members of the Alliance
in Italy, Spain, and Belgium -- Second Period (from 1880) --
The German Socialist Law -- Johann Most -- The London
Congress -- French Anarchism since 1880 -- Anarchism in
Switzerland -- The Geneva Congress -- Anarchism in Germany
and Austria -- Joseph Penkert -- Anarchism in Belgium and
England -- Organisation of the Spanish Anarchists -- Italy --
Character of Modern Anarchism -- The Group -- Numerical
Strength of the Anarchism of Action.

It is the custom to represent Bakunin as the St. Paul of modern
Anarchism. It may be so. The Anarchism of violence only acquired
significance, owing to later circumstances in which Bakunin had no
share; but the kind of prelude of the Anarchist movement, which was
noticeable at the end of the sixties and beginning of the seventies,
may certainly be attributed to the influence of Bakunin.

With the growth of the organisation of the proletariat in its
international relations in the second half of the sixties, it was only
too readily understood that a part of this organisation rested upon an
Anarchist basis, especially as the opposition to the social democratic
tendency had not yet been developed in practice. Among workmen using
the Romance languages, the free-collectivist doctrines of Proudhon
gained much ground; prominent labour journals, such as the Geneva
_Egalite_, the _Progres du Locle_, and others, often represented these
views, and Switzerland especially was the chief country in which the
working classes had always inclined to radical opinions. We call to
mind, for example, the union of handicraftsmen of the forties, the
Young Germany, and the _Lemanbund_ (Lake of Geneva Union) which had
been led by Marr and Doeleke, to however small an extent, into an
Anarchist channel. The same field was open to Bakunin as suitable for
his operations, after he had long enough sought for one.

After his return from his Siberian exile, Bakunin had looked out for
an organisation, by the help of which he could translate his Anarchist