, as it is not fair to make
others suffer for his own clumsiness.

THE TEACHINGS OF THE LARYNGOSCOPE.

On introducing the mirror into the throat we first see the back part of
the tongue, which has a very uneven surface, and which is, as a rule,
covered with greyish phlegm. We next notice a hollow space between the
tongue and the lid, which is divided by an elastic band forming a little
bridge between the two. Next comes the upper free part of the lid, the
shape of which greatly varies in different individuals. It hangs over
the voicebox, which it almost completely hides from view; but during the
production of a high tone on the vowel A, as in "sad," it takes an
almost perpendicular position. When the lid is so raised (pl. XIV, L) we
can see right down to the bottom of it, where we observe that it bulges
out a little. Extending from either side of the lid to the pyramids are
two folds of mucous membrane, in the hinder part of either of which are
to be observed two little elevations representing the cartilages of
Santorini (pl. XIV, S S), and the upper points of the wedges, called
the cartilages of Wrisberg (pl. XIV, W W). Looking down the kind of tube
which is formed by the parts just enumerated, we next notice two
horizontal projections running from front to back, which are the pocket
ligaments (pl. XIV, P P). Everything we have seen so far is of a pinkish
colour. Below the pocket ligaments, right at the bottom of the tube
described above, we see the main object of our investigation, namely,
the vocal ligaments (pl. XIV, V V). These, being almost of a pearly
white, form a strong contrast to all their surroundings, and it is quite
impossible to mistake them.

* * * * *

In quiet breathing the vocal chink is of a triangular shape, of which,
however, we can only see the hinder part, the front part being hidden by
the lid (pl. XIII). In exaggerated efforts at breathing this space gets
considerably larger, so that, with a well-directed light, we can see
into the windpipe, of which the rings are plainly noticeable. It is even
possible to see the lowest part of the windpipe, where it is divided
into the two branches entering the lungs.

* * * * *

For the purpose of studying the movements of the vocal ligaments in the
act of singing, the vowel A, as in "sad" will be found the most
favourable, because the formation of the mouth, and the position of the