al and national education. We need a topography of
the limits of human power, similar to the chart which oculists use of
the field of human vision. We need also a study of the various types
of human being with reference to the different ways in which their
energy-reserves may be appealed to and set loose. Biographies and
individual experiences of every kind may be drawn upon for evidence
here.[4]

[1] This was the title originally given to the Presidential Address
delivered before the American Philosophical Association at Columbia
University, December 28, 1906, and published as there delivered in the
_Philosophical Review_ for January, 1907. The address was later
published, after slight alteration, in the _American Magazine_ for
October, 1907, under the title "The Powers of Men." The more popular
form is here reprinted under the title which the author himself
preferred.

[2] "The Energies of Men." _Philosophical Review_, vol. xvi, No. 1,
January, 1907. [Cf. Note on p. 229.]

[3] "Tour in England, Ireland, and France," Philadelphia, 1833, p. 435.

[4] "This would be an absolutely concrete study . . . The limits of
power must be limits that have been realized in actual persons, and the
various ways of unlocking the reserves of power must have been
exemplified in individual lives . . . So here is a program of concrete
individual psychology . . . It is replete with interesting facts, and
points to practical issues superior in importance to anything we know."
_From the address as originally delivered before the Philosophical
Association_; See xvi. _Philosophical Review_, 1, 19.

XI

THE MORAL EQUIVALENT OF WAR[1]

The war against war is going to be no holiday excursion or camping
party. The military feelings are too deeply grounded to abdicate their
place among our ideals until better substitutes are offered than the
glory and shame that come to nations as well as to individuals from the
ups and downs of politics and the vicissitudes of trade. There is
something highly paradoxical in the modern man's relation to war. Ask
all our millions, north and south, whether they would vote now (were
such a thing possible) to have our war for the Union expunged from
history, and the record of a peaceful transition to the present time
substituted for that of its marches and battles, and probably hardly a
handful of eccentrics would say yes. Those ancestors, those efforts,
those memories and legends, are