gica; aut nisi sit talis laicus
de cujus ingressu esset valde celebris et edificatio in populo
et in clero_. This is surely far from the spirit of him who
said: _Et quicumque venerit amicus vel adversarius fur vel latro
benigne recipiatur_. Rule of 1221, cap. vii. See also the
Exposition of the Rule of Bonaventura. _Speculum_, Morin, iii.,
f^o 21-40.

[18] Upon Francis's attitude toward learning see _Tribul._,
Laur., 14b; _Spec._, 184a; 2 Cel., 3, 8; 48; 100; 116; 119;
120-124. Bon., chap. 152, naturally expresses only Bonaventura's
views. See especially Rule of 1221, cap. xvii.; of 1223, cap. x.

[19] _Spec._, 7b: _Fecit Franciscus regulam quam papa Honorius
confirmavit cum bulla, de qua regula multa fuerunt extracta per
ministros contra voluntatem b. Francisci_. Cf. 2 Cel., 3, 136.

[20] Bull _Quo elongati_ of September 28, 1230; Sbaralea, i., p.
56.

[21] Bon., 55 and 56 [3 Soc., 62]; _Spec._, 76; 124a; _Tribul._,
Laur., 17b-19b; Ubertini, _Arbor. V._, 5; _Conform._, 88a, 2.

[22] _Tribul._, Laur., 19a; _Archiv._, t. iii., p. 601. Cf. A.
SS., p. 638e.

[23] Potthast, 7108.--The work of this bull was completed by
that of December 18, 1223. (The original of the _Sacro Convento_
bears _Datum Laterani XV. Kal. jan._) _Fratrem Minorum_:
Potthast, 7123.

[24] 2 Cel., 3, 19; Bon., 95; _Spec._, 18b; _Conform._, 171a, 1.

[25] 2 Cel., 3, 61 and 62. Cf. Eccl., 6, the account of Rod. de
Rosa.

[26] _Spec._, 47b ff.; 2 Cel., 3, 61; Bon., 84 and 85.

[27] 1 Cel., 84-87; Bon., 149.

[28] This little poem was published entire by M. Ozanam in vol.
v. of his works, p. 184.

* * * * *

CHAPTER XVII

THE STIGMATA

1224

The upper valley of the Arno forms in the very centre of Italy a country
apart, the Casentino, which through centuries had its own life, somewhat
like an island in the midst of the ocean.

The river flows out from it by a narrow defile at the south, and on all
other sides the Apennines encircle it with a girdle of inaccessible
mountains.[1]

This plain, some ten leagues in diameter, is enlivened with picturesque
villages, finely posted on hillocks at the base of which flows the
stream; here are Bibbiena, Poppi, the antique Romena sung by Dante, the
Camaldoli, and up there on the crest Chiusi, long ago the