f the first great American promoters
of inland commerce. Elkanah Watson's "History of the... Western Canals
in the State of New York" (1820), despite inaccuracies due to lapses of
memory, should be specially remarked.

For the rise and progress of turnpike building one must remember W.
Kingsford's "History, Structure, and Statistics of Plank Roads" (1852),
a reliable book by a careful writer. The Cumberland (National) Road has
its political influence carefully adjudged by Jeremiah S. Young in "A
Political and Constitutional Study of the Cumberland Road" (1904), while
the social and personal side is interestingly treated in county history
style in Thomas B. Searight's "The Old Pike" (1894). Motorists will
appreciate Robert Bruce's "The National Road" (1916), handsomely
illustrated and containing forty-odd sectional maps.

The best life of Fulton is H. W. Dickinson's "Robert Fulton, Engineer
and Artist: His Life and Works" (1913), while in Alice Crary Sutcliffe's
"Robert Fulton and the 'Clermont'" (1909), the more intimate picture
of a family biography is given. For the controversy concerning the
Fulton-Livingston monopoly, note W. A. Duer's "A Course of Lectures on
Constitutional Jurisprudence" and his pamphlets addressed to Cadwallader
D. Colden. The life of that stranger to success, the forlorn John Fitch,
was written sympathetically and after assiduous research by Thompson
Westcott in his "Life of John Fitch the Inventor of the Steamboat"
(1858). For the pamphlet war between Fitch and Rumsey see Allibone's
Dictionary.

The Great Lakes have not been adequately treated. E. Channing and M. F.
Lansing's "The Story of the Great Lakes" (1909) is reliable but deals
very largely with the routine history covered by the works of Parkman.
J. O. Curwood's "The Great Lakes" (1909) is stereotyped in its scope but
has certain chapters of interest to students of commercial development,
as has also "The Story of the Great Lakes." The vast bulk of material of
value on the subject lies in the publications of the New York, Buffalo,
Michigan, Wisconsin, Illinois, and Chicago Historical Societies, whose
lists should be consulted. These publications also give much data on the
Mississippi River and western commercial development. S. L. Clemens's
"Life on the Mississippi" (in his "Writings," vol. IX,1869-1909) is
invaluable for its graphic pictures of steamboating in the heyday
of river traffic. A. B. Hulbert's "Waterways of Western Expansi