; so, we may actually
see that in embryonic societies, such changes as are not due to direct
adaptations, are in the main traceable to adaptations originally
undergone by the parent society. The colonies founded by distinct
nations, while they are alike in exhibiting specializations caused in
the way above described, grow unlike in so far as they take on, more or
less, the organizations of the nations they sprung from. A French
settlement does not develop exactly after the same manner as an English
one; and both assume forms different from those which Roman settlements
assumed. Now the fact that the differentiation of societies is
determined partly by the direct adaptation of their units to local
conditions, and partly by the transmitted influence of like adaptations
undergone by ancestral societies, tends strongly to enforce the
conclusion, otherwise reached, that the differentiation of individual
organisms, similarly results from immediate adaptations compounded with
ancestral adaptations.

From confirmations thus furnished by sociology to physiology, let us now
pass to a suggestion similarly furnished. A factory, or other producing
establishment, or a town made up of such establishments, is an agency
for elaborating some commodity consumed by society at large; and may be
regarded as analogous to a gland or viscus in an individual organism. If
we inquire what is the primitive mode in which one of these producing
establishments grows up, we find it to be this. A single worker, who
himself sells the produce of his labour, is the germ. His business
increasing, he employs helpers--his sons or others; and having done
this, he becomes a vendor not only of his own handiwork, but of that of
others. A further increase of his business compels him to multiply his
assistants, and his sale grows so rapid that he is obliged to confine
himself to the process of selling: he ceases to be a producer, and
becomes simply a channel through which the produce of others is conveyed
to the public. Should his prosperity rise yet higher, he finds that he
is unable to manage even the sale of his commodities, and has to employ
others, probably of his own family, to aid him in selling; so that, to
him as a main channel are now added subordinate channels. Moreover, when
there grow up in one place, as a Manchester or a Birmingham, many
establishments of like kind, this process is carried still further.
There arise factors and buyers, who are the cha