ce or display of a work embodied in a primary
transmission" in lieu of "primary transmission embodying the performance
or display of a work." Pub. L. No. 106-113, 113 Stat. 1501, app. I at
1501A-527 and 544. The Satellite Home Viewer Improvement Act of 1999
states that section 501(f) shall be effective as of July 1, 1999. Pub.
L. No. 106-113, 113 Stat. 1501, app. I at 1501A-544.

4 The Berne Convention Implementation Act of 1988 amended section
504(c) as follows: 1) in paragraph (1), by inserting "$500" in lieu of
"$250" and by inserting "$20,000" in lieu of "$10,000" and 2) in
paragraph (2), by inserting "$100,000" in lieu of "$50,000" and by
inserting "$200" in lieu of "$100." Pub. L. No. 100-568, 102 Stat. 2853,
2860. The Digital Theft Deterrence and Copyright Damages Improvement Act
of 1999 amended section 504(c), in paragraph (1), by substituting "$750"
for "$500" and "$30,000" for "$20,000" and, in paragraph (2), by
substituting "$150,000" for "$100,000." Pub. L. No. 106-160, 113 Stat.
1774.

5 The Piracy and Counterfeiting Amendments Act of 1982 amended section
506 by substituting a new subsection(a). Pub. L. No. 97-180, 96 Stat.
91, 93. The Visual Artists Rights Act of 1990 amended section 506 by
adding subsection (f). Pub. L. No.101-650, 104 Stat. 5089, 5131. In
1997, the No Electronic Theft (NET) Act again amended section 506 by
amending subsection (a) in its entirety. Pub. L. No. 105-147, 111 Stat.
2678. That Act also directed the United States Sentencing Commission to
"ensure that the applicable guideline range for a defendant convicted of
a crime against intellectual property . . . is sufficiently stringent to
deter such a crime" and to "ensure that the guidelines provide for
consideration of the retail value and quantity of the items with respect
to which the crime against intellectual property was committed." Pub. L.
No. 105-147, 111 Stat. 2678, 2680. See also endnote 2 in Part VII of the
Appendix.

6 In 1997, the No Electronic Theft (NET) Act amended section 507(a) by
inserting "5" in lieu of "three." Pub. L. No. 105-147, 111 Stat. 2678.

7 The Satellite Home Viewer Improvement Act of 1999 amended the heading
for section 510 by substituting "programming" for "programing" and, in
subsection (b), by substituting "statutory" for "compulsory." Pub. L.
No. 106-113, 113 Stat. 1501, app. I at 1501A-543.

8 In 1990, the Copyright Remedy Clarification Act added section 511.
Pub. L. No. 101-553, 104 Stat