istic
motive was, however, not originally associated with an idealistic
epistemology, but with the common-sense principle that being is
discovered and not constituted by thought. Such an _absolute realism_
is, like naturalism, primarily metaphysical rather than
epistemological; but, unlike naturalism, it seeks to define reality as
a logical or ethical necessity.

Under these several divisions, then, we shall meet once more with the
special problems of philosophy, but this time they will be ranged in an
order that is determined by some central doctrine. They will appear as
parts not of the general problem of philosophy, but of some definite
system of philosophy.

FOOTNOTES:

[180:1] Cf. Sect. 68.

[182:2] The Socratic distinction between the logical and the
psychological treatment of belief finds its best expression in Plato's
_Gorgias_, especially, 454, 455. Cf. also Sect. 29.

[182:3] Thus, e. g. Hegel. See Sect. 179. Cf. also Sects. 199, 200.

[183:4] Cf. Sect. 84.

[184:5] See Sect. 69, _note_.

[184:6] The reader will find a good illustration of eristic in Plato's
_Euthydemus_, 275.

[187:7] The reader can find these rules, and the detail of the
traditional formal logic, in any elementary text-book, such as, e. g.,
Jevons: _Elements of Logic_.

[189:8] What is called "the algebra of logic" seeks to obtain an
unequivocal symbolic expression for these truths.

[192:9] Plato: _Protagoras_, 351. Translation by Jowett.

[194:10] Plato: _Apology_, 41. Translation by Jowett.

[195:11] Quoted by Paulsen in his _System of Ethics_. Translation by
Thilly, p. 69.

[198:12] Cf. Sect. 160.

[198:13] Cf. Sect. 177.

[199:14] Concerning the duty of philosophy to religion in these matters,
cf. Descartes: _Meditations_, _Dedication_. Translation by Veitch, p.
81.

[201:15] The school-philosophy that flourished from the eleventh to the
fifteenth century, under the authority of the church.

[209:16] Especially in the _Phaedo_.

[211:17] Schopenhauer is a notable exception. Cf. Sects. 135, 138.

[213:18] It is interesting, however, to observe that current
spiritualistic theories maintain a naturalistic theory of immortality,
verifiable, it is alleged, in certain extraordinary empirical
observations.

[215:19] Translation by Pillsbury and Titchener, p. 59.

PART III

SYSTEMS OF PHILOSOPHY

CHAPTER VIII

NATURALISM[223:1]

[Sidenote: The General Meaning of Materialism.]

Sect. 102. T