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development in two years that another will reach only in three or four years under other conditions. The range of time of these periods is about as follows: First period--Formation of a strong root system 1 to 2 years Second period--Formation of stem or trunk 1 year Third period--Formation of head 2 to 3 years Fourth period--Complete development of the arms 2 to 3 years Total time of formation of framework 6 to 9 years Under exceptionally favorable conditions the first and second periods may be included in the first year and a completely formed vine may be obtained in five years. _Before planting._ For planting, cuttings, one-year-old rooted vines, or bench grafts are used. In all cases, they need some attention from the pruner. The usual way to prune a good rooted vine of average size having a single cane at the top and several good roots at the bottom is to shorten the cane to one or two buds and the roots to two or four inches, according to their size. Shortening the cane makes the vine less liable to dry out before rooting and forces the growth from the lower buds which produce more vigorous shoots. The roots are shortened so that there will be no danger of the ends being turned upwards when planted. If they are to be planted in a large hole, they may be left as long as five or six inches; if to be planted with a crowbar or dibble, they must be cut back to half an inch. If the rooted vine has several canes, all but one should be removed entirely, and this one shortened to one or two eyes. The one left should be that which is strongest, has the best buds, and is the best placed. Where a horizontal cane is left, it should be cut back to the base bud. Otherwise the main growth may occur at a higher bud and the vine will have a crook which will result in a badly formed trunk. If canes are growing from different joints, it is usually best to leave the lower cane if they are equally vigorous. This brings the buds from which growth will come nearer to the roots, and leaves less of the original cutting, which are advantages. The upper joint between the canes is, moreover, often more or less decayed or imperfect. _First growing season._ The treatment during the first spring and summer will depend on what growth the vines are expected to make and on whether the vines are staked the first year. With cuttings and with both rooted vines an
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