e considerable value.

We may determine in a similar manner the relations of the different
Papuan Islands to New Guinea. Of thirteen species of Papilionidae
obtained in the Aru Islands, six were also found in New Guinea, and
seven not. Of nine species obtained at Waigiou, six were New Guinea, and
three not. The five species found at Mysol were all New Guinea species.
Mysol, therefore, has closer relations to New Guinea than the other
islands; and this is corroborated by the distribution of the birds, of
which I will only now give one instance. The Paradise Bird found in
Mysol is the common New Guinea species, while the Aru Islands and
Waigiou have each a species peculiar to themselves.

The large island of Borneo, which contains more species of Papilionidae
than any other in the archipelago, has nevertheless only three peculiar
to itself; and it is quite possible, and even probable, that one of
these may be found in Sumatra or Java. The last-named island has also
three species peculiar to it; Sumatra has not one, and the peninsula of
Malacca only two. The identity of species is even greater than in birds
or in most other groups of insects, and points very strongly to a recent
connexion of the whole with each other and the continent.

_Remarkable Peculiarities of the Island of Celebes._

If we now pass to the next island (Celebes), separated from those last
mentioned by a strait not wider than that which divides them from each
other, we have a striking contrast; for with a total number of species
less than either Borneo or Java, no fewer than eighteen are absolutely
restricted to it. Further east, the large islands of Ceram and New
Guinea have only three species peculiar to each, and Timor has five. We
shall have to look, not to single islands, but to whole groups, in order
to obtain an amount of individuality comparable with that of Celebes.
For example, the extensive group comprising the large islands of Java,
Borneo, and Sumatra, with the peninsula of Malacca, possessing
altogether 48 species, has about 24, or just half, peculiar to it; the
numerous group of the Philippines possess 22 species, of which 17 are
peculiar; the seven chief islands of the Moluccas have 27, of which 12
are peculiar; and the whole of the Papuan Islands, with an equal number
of species, have 17 peculiar. Comparable with the most isolated of these
groups is Celebes, with its 24 species, of which the large proportion of
18 are peculiar. We