he Moral Sense

Summary of the Argument as to the Insufficiency of Natural Selection
to account for the Development of Man

The Origin of Consciousness

The Nature of Matter

Matter is Force

All Force is probably Will-force

Conclusion

I.

ON THE LAW WHICH HAS REGULATED THE INTRODUCTION OF NEW SPECIES.[A]

+--------------------------------------------------------------+
| [A] Written at Sarawak in February, 1855, and published in |
| the "Annals and Magazine of Natural History," September, |
| 1855. |
+--------------------------------------------------------------+

_Geographical Distribution dependent on Geologic Changes._

Every naturalist who has directed his attention to the subject of the
geographical distribution of animals and plants, must have been
interested in the singular facts which it presents. Many of these facts
are quite different from what would have been anticipated, and have
hitherto been considered as highly curious, but quite inexplicable. None
of the explanations attempted from the time of Linnaeus are now
considered at all satisfactory; none of them have given a cause
sufficient to account for the facts known at the time, or comprehensive
enough to include all the new facts which have since been, and are daily
being added. Of late years, however, a great light has been thrown upon
the subject by geological investigations, which have shown that the
present state of the earth and of the organisms now inhabiting it, is
but the last stage of a long and uninterrupted series of changes which
it has undergone, and consequently, that to endeavour to explain and
account for its present condition without any reference to those changes
(as has frequently been done) must lead to very imperfect and erroneous
conclusions.

The facts proved by geology are briefly these:--That during an immense,
but unknown period, the surface of the earth has undergone successive
changes; land has sunk beneath the ocean, while fresh land has risen up
from it; mountain chains have been elevated; islands have been formed
into continents, and continents submerged till they have become islands;
and these changes have taken place, not once merely, but perhaps
hundreds, perhaps thousands of times:--That all these operations have
been more or less continuous, but unequal in their progress, and during
the