ild themselves up unmolested and
to rise above Germany's head. In their internal affairs they
observed the same principle of justice; no line, no class,
no province, no grant succeeded in obtaining so oppressive
an ascendancy, that other lines and classes, other provinces
and grants were simply annihilated. The unfortunate
consequence was lack of unity.

Nowhere were or are there so many cultural centres, so many
different movements, tendencies, parties. This great
multifariousness of the German life was recognized and
admired by others. But this very multifariousness had its
darker side, the fatal, much deplored lack of unity.

Through the centuries, Dr. Grupp claims, Germany has been altogether
too good-natured, allowing other nations to all but bleed her to
death.

In her peaceable disharmony Germany has dreamed along
carelessly and good-naturedly for centuries until the abrupt
awakening when she saw a yawning abyss opened up at her
feet. Good-naturedly she has allowed herself to be plundered
and faithfully she has fought other nations' battles. As
early as the 15th century the humanists remarked the fact
that alien states gladly took German soldiers into their
service, and later on it was worse than that. Foreign
countries gladly waged their wars on German territory. Here
was decided for the most part the fate of the Spanish
world-empire, here France and England battled for supremacy.
The Seven Years' War was not only a question of Schleswig;
it was a question of whether North America and even far-away
India should be French or English.

Now the condition is suddenly reversed; the Germans are
fighting for themselves, and the fact arouses the limitless
rage of their opponents. Let us console ourselves with the
fact that even in the Middle Ages it was said: "Teutonici
nullius amici," in spite of their peaceableness.

Italy's Defection

Dr. Eduard Meyer has contributed an article to the Sueddeutsche
Monatshefte (Munich) on "Ancient Italy and the Rise of the Italian
Nation." Dr. Meyer is professor of history in the University of
Berlin, and is a brother of Dr. Kuno Meyer who recently attracted much
attention in this country by severing his connection with Harvard
University because of a prize "war poem" written by one of the
undergraduates. A postscript reflect