ainly satisfactory the result, although more
careful drawing and greater exactness of line are necessary.

[Illustration: 210. DIAGRAM TO SHOW METHOD OF ENLARGING A PANEL]

To keep the outlines of a panel in the same proportion while enlarging its
area for the purpose of making a drawing for reproduction, lay out the
required _finished_ size of the panel near the upper left hand corner of
the paper, and draw a diagonal line through the upper left hand and lower
right hand corner of this panel, extending it beyond the panel [204]
boundaries. From any given point along this diagonal, lines drawn parallel
to the side and top lines of the original panel, and extended till they
intersect the extended left side line and top line of the original panel,
will give an outline of the same proportions as the required panel. By
taking various points on the diagonal, panels of any height or width but
still of the proper proportions may be obtained (see diagram 210). Diagram
211 illustrates a variation of the previous method of enlarging the
proportions of a panel, in which, by the use of two diagonals, both
perpendicular and horizontal center lines are retained.

When it is necessary to lay out a border of a predetermined width within
the required panel, the foregoing method can only be used to determine the
_outside_ lines of such a border, and it becomes necessary to make the
drawing some numerical proportion, say, one-half as large again, or twice
as large as the finished panel. The width of the border will then be of the
same proportionate width.

The beginner will find it always wise to base his lettering on penciled top
and bottom guide lines, and occasionally to add "waist" guide lines, as in
193. Indeed, it is rare that even accomplished letterers dispense with
these simple aids. These guide lines should invariably be laid-in with the
[205] T-square and triangle. After drawing the horizontal guides, it is
often advisable to run a few perpendicular lines up and down the paper,
which will serve to guard against the very common likelihood of the letters
acquiring a tilt. In drawing Italic, Script, and all sloping letters
numerous sloping guide lines are especially necessary; see 193.
Perpendicular guide lines will be found of marked assistance, also in
drawing Gothic small letters, which, as they do not come against the top
and bottom guide lines squarely, but at an angle, are often deceptive.

[Illustration: 211. DIAGRAM TO