en,
being unconsciously and merely practically irreligious, often draw back
before it. But here, too, necessity will force the working-men to
abandon the remnants of a belief which, as they will more and more
clearly perceive, serves only to make them weak and resigned to their
fate, obedient and faithful to the vampire property-holding class.

Hence it is evident that the working-men's movement is divided into two
sections, the Chartists and the Socialists. The Chartists are
theoretically the more backward, the less developed, but they are genuine
proletarians all over, the representatives of their class. The
Socialists are more far-seeing, propose practical remedies against
distress, but, proceeding originally from the bourgeoisie, are for this
reason unable to amalgamate completely with the working-class. The union
of Socialism with Chartism, the reproduction of French Communism in an
English manner, will be the next step, and has already begun. Then only,
when this has been achieved, will the working-class be the true
intellectual leader of England. Meanwhile, political and social
development will proceed, and will foster this new party, this new
departure of Chartism.

These different sections of working-men, often united, often separated,
Trades Unionists, Chartists, and Socialists, have founded on their own
hook numbers of schools and reading-rooms for the advancement of
education. Every Socialist, and almost every Chartist institution, has
such a place, and so too have many trades. Here the children receive a
purely proletarian education, free from all the influences of the
bourgeoisie; and, in the reading-rooms, proletarian journals and books
alone, or almost alone, are to be found. These arrangements are very
dangerous for the bourgeoisie, which has succeeded in withdrawing several
such institutes, "Mechanics' Institutes," from proletarian influences,
and making them organs for the dissemination of the sciences useful to
the bourgeoisie. Here the natural sciences are now taught, which may
draw the working-men away from the opposition to the bourgeoisie, and
perhaps place in their hands the means of making inventions which bring
in money for the bourgeoisie; while for the working-man the acquaintance
with the natural sciences is utterly useless _now_ when it too often
happens that he never gets the slightest glimpse of Nature in his large
town with his long working-hours. Here Political Economy is p