mmae.

Amazia, or complete absence of the breast, is seldom seen. Pilcher
describes an individual who passed for a female, but who was really a
male, in whom the breasts were absolutely wanting. Foerster, Froriep,
and Ried cite instances associated with thoracic malformation. Greenhow
reports a case in which the mammae were absent, although there were
depressed rudimentary nipples and areolae. There were no ovaries and
the uterus was congenitally imperfect.

There was a negress spoken of in 1842 in whom the right breast was
missing, and there are cases of but one breast, mentioned by King,
Paull, and others. Scanzoni has observed absence of the left mamma with
absence of the left ovary.

Micromazia is not so rare, and is generally seen in females with
associate genital troubles. Excessive development of the mammae,
generally being a pathologic phenomenon, will be mentioned in another
chapter. However, among some of the indigenous negroes the female
breasts are naturally very large and pendulous. This is well shown in
Figure 144, which represents a woman of the Bushman tribe nursing an
infant. The breasts are sufficiently pendulous and loose to be easily
thrown over the shoulder.

Polymazia is of much more frequent occurrence than is supposed. Julia,
the mother of Alexander Severus, was surnamed "Mammea" because she had
supernumerary breasts. Anne Boleyn, the unfortunate wife of Henry VIII
of England, was reputed to have had six toes, six fingers, and three
breasts. Lynceus says that in his time there existed a Roman woman with
four mammae, very beautiful in contour, arranged in two lines,
regularly, one above the other, and all giving milk in abundance.
Rubens has pictured a woman with four breasts; the painting may be seen
in the Louvre in Paris.

There was a young and wealthy heiress who addressed herself to the
ancient faculty at Tubingen, asking, as she displayed four mammary,
whether, should she marry, she would have three or four children at a
birth. This was a belief with which some of her elder matron friends
had inspired her, and which she held as a hindrance to marriage.

Leichtenstern, who has collected 70 cases of polymazia in females and
22 in males, thinks that accessory breasts or nipples are due to
atavism, and that our most remote inferiorly organized ancestors had
many breasts, but that by constantly bearing but one child, from being
polymastic, females have gradually become bimastic. Some of