'clellandi. McClelland's Squirrel. Himalayas, China.
31. _Sciuropterus kaleensis._ Small Formosan Flying Squirrel. Allied to
_S. alboniger_ of Nepal.
32. _Pteromys grandis._ Large Red Flying Squirrel. Allied to Himalayan
and Bornean species. From North Formosa.
33. _Pteromys pectoralis._ White-breasted Flying Squirrel. From South
Formosa.
34. Lepus sinensis. Chinese Hare. Inhabits South China.
35. Manis dalmanni. Scaly Ant-eater. China and the Himalayas.

The most interesting and suggestive feature connected with these Formosan
mammals is the identity or affinity of several of them, with Indian or
Malayan rather than with Chinese species. We have the rock-monkey of
Formosa allied to the rhesus monkeys of India and Burma, not to those of
South China and Hainan. The tree civet (_Helictis subaurantiaca_), and the
small flying squirrel (_Sciuropterus kaleensis_), are both allied to
Himalayan species. Swinhoe's deer and goat-antelope are nearest to Malayan
species, as are the red and white-breasted flying squirrels; while the
fruit-bat, the wild pig, {404} and the spotted deer are all allied to
peculiar Japanese species. The clouded tiger is a Malay species unknown in
China, while the Asiatic wild cat is a native of the Himalayas and Malacca.
It is clear, therefore, that before Formosa was separated from the mainland
the above named animals or their ancestral types must have ranged over the
intervening country as far as the Himalayas on the west, Japan on the
north, and Borneo or the Philippines on the south; and that after that
event occurred, the conditions were so materially changed as to lead to the
extinction of these species in what are now the coast provinces of China,
while they or their modified descendants continued to exist in the dense
forests of the Himalayas and the Malay Islands, and in such detached
islands as Formosa and Japan. We will now see what additional light is
thrown upon this subject by an examination of the birds.

LIST OF THE LAND BIRDS PECULIAR TO FORMOSA.

TURDIDAE (Thrushes).

1. _Turdus albiceps._ Allied to Chinese species.

SYLVIDIAE (Warblers).

2. _Cisticola volitans._ Allied to _C. schoenicola_ of India and
China.
3. _Herbivox cantans._ Sub-species of _H. cantillaus_ of N. China and
Japan.
4. _Notodela montium._ Allied to _N. leucura_ of the Himalayas; no ally
in China.

TIMALIIDAE (Babblers).

5. _Poma