to 57 per
cent. of the collieries of the United Kingdom.

Salary, including bonus and Number of Managers
value of house and coal 1913 1919

L100 or less ............................... 4 2
L101 to L200 ............................... 134 3
L201 to L300 ............................... 280 29
L301 to L400 ............................... 161 251
L401 to L500 ............................... 321 213
L501 to L600 ............................... 57 146
L601 and over .............................. 50 152

{180}

XI

PORRO UNUM NECESSARIUM

So the organization of society on the basis of function, instead of on
that of rights, implies three things. It means, first, that
proprietary rights shall be maintained when they are accompanied by the
performance of service and abolished when they are not. It means,
second, that the producers shall stand in a direct relation to the
community for whom production is carried on, so that their
responsibility to it may be obvious and unmistakable, not lost, as at
present, through their immediate subordination to shareholders whose
interest is not service but gain. It means, in the third place, that
the obligation for the maintenance of the service shall rest upon the
professional organization of those who perform it, and that, subject to
the supervision and criticism of the consumer, those organizations
shall exercise so much voice in the government of industry as may be
needed to secure that the obligation is discharged. It is obvious,
indeed, that no change of system or machinery can avert those causes of
social _malaise_ which consist in the egotism, greed, or
quarrelsomeness of human nature. What it can do is to create an
environment in which those are not the qualities which are encouraged.
It cannot secure that men live up to their principles. What it can do
is to establish their social order upon principles to which, if they
please, they can {181} live up and not live down. It cannot control
their actions. It can offer them an end on which to fix their minds.
And, as their minds are, so, in the long run and with exceptions, their
practical activity will be.

The first condition of the right organization of industry is, then, the
intellectual conversion which, in their distrust of principles,
Englishmen are disposed to place last or to omit altogether. It is