century. The burghers
accepted the reformed doctrines in 1527. The fortifications of the town
were restored by the landgrave Philip the Magnanimous and his son
William IV. during the 16th century, and it was greatly improved by the
landgrave Charles (1654-1730), who welcomed many Huguenots who founded
the upper new town. In 1762 Cassel was captured by the Germans from the
French; after this the fortifications were dismantled and New Cassel was
laid out by the landgrave Frederick II. In 1807 it became the capital of
the kingdom of Westphalia; in 1813 it was bombarded and captured by the
Russian general Chernichev; in 1830, 1831 and 1848 it was the scene of
violent commotions; from 1850 to 1851 it was occupied by the Prussians,
the Bavarians and the Austrians; in 1866 it was occupied by the
Prussians, and in 1867 was made the capital of the newly formed Prussian
province of Hesse-Nassau.

See Piderit, _Geschichte der Haupt- und Residenzstadt Kassel_ (Kassel,
1882); Fr. Muller, _Kassel seit 70 Jahren_ (2 vols., 2nd ed., Kassel,
1893); and Hessler, _Die Residenzstadt Kassel und ihre Umgebung_
(Kassel, 1902).

CASSELL, JOHN (1817-1865), British publisher, was born in Manchester on
the 23rd of January 1817. His father was the landlord of a public-house,
and John was apprenticed to a joiner. He was self-educated, gaining by
his own efforts a considerable acquaintance with English literature and
a knowledge of French. He came to London in 1836 to work at his trade,
but his energies at this time were chiefly centred in the cause of
temperance, for which he was an active worker. In 1847 he established
himself as a tea and coffee merchant, and soon after started a
publishing business with the aim of supplying good literature to the
working classes. From the offices of the firm, which became in 1859
Messrs. Cassell, Petter, Galpin & Co., were issued the _Popular
Educator_ (1852-1855), the _Technical Educator_ (1870-1872), the
_Magazine of Art_ (1878-1903), _Cassell's Magazine_ (from 1852), and
numerous editions of standard works. A special feature of Cassell's
popular books was the illustration. At the time of the Crimean War he
procured from Paris the cuts used in _L'Illustration_, and by printing
them in his _Family Paper_ (begun in 1853) secured a large circulation
for it. The firm was converted in 1883 into a limited liability company,
under the name of Cassell & Company, Limited. John Cassell died in
London on