7, rectum, where it has been severed in removing the intestines; 8, uterus
of the fetus, cut off at the anterior extremity; 9, aorta; 10, posterior
vena cava. (From _Fuerstenberg-Leisering, Anatomie und Physiologie des
Rindes._)

Fig. 2. Blood vessels passing through the umbilical cord in a human fetus.
(From Quain's Anatomy, vol. 2.) _L_, liver; _K_, kidney; _I_, intestines;
_U C_, umbilical cord; _Ua_, umbilical arteries. The posterior aorta coming
from the heart passes backward and gives rise to the internal iliac
arteries, and of these the umbilical arteries are branches. _Uv_, umbilical
vein; this joins the portal vein, passes onward to the liver, breaks up
into smaller vessels, which reunite in the hepatic vein; this empties into
the posterior vena cava, which carries the blood back to the heart.

* * * * *

[Illustration: PLATE XII.
FETAL CALF WITHIN ITS MEMBRANES.]

[Illustration: PLATE XIII.
PREGNANT UTERUS WITH COTYLEDONS.]

[Illustration: PLATE XIV.
VESSELS OF UMBILICAL CORD.]

[Illustration: PLATE XV.]

[Illustration: PLATE XVI.]

[Illustration: PLATE XV.
NORMAL POSITION OF CALF IN UTERO.]

[Illustration: PLATE XVI.
ABNORMAL POSITIONS OF CALF IN UTERO.]

[Illustration: PLATE XVII.
ABNORMAL POSITIONS OF CALF IN UTERO.]

* * * * *

PLATE XV. Normal position of calf in utero. This is the most favorable
position of the calf or fetus in the womb at birth, and the position in
which it is most frequently found. This is known as the normal anterior
position. The back of the fetus is directly toward that of the mother, the
forelegs are extended back toward the vulva of the mother, and the head
rests between them. The birth of the calf in this position usually takes
place without artificial assistance.

PLATE XVI. Abnormal positions of calf in utero. (Figs. 1, 2, 3, and 5 from
Fleming's Veterinary Obstetrics; fig. 4 after St. Cyr, from Hill's Bovine
Medicine and Surgery; fig. 6 from D'Arboval, Dictionaire de Medecine et de
Chirurgie.)

Fig. 1. Anterior presentation; one fore limb completely retained. The
retained limb must be reached if possible and brought forward joint by
joint and the fetus then extracted.

Fig. 2. Anterior presentation; fore limbs bent at knee. The limbs must be
extended before delivery can be accomplished.

Fig. 3. Anterior presentation; fore limb crossed over neck. The leg should
b