e changed; so that it will be seen, by reference to Fig. 122, that D
is now retreating from B, and C is going away from A--that is, being
forced away contrary to their natural attractive influences, and in Fig.
123, when the complete cycle is nearly finished, the positives are again
approaching each other and the negatives moving together.

[Illustration: _Figs. 122-123._ CYCLE ACTION IN DYNAMO]

In this manner, at every point, the sets of magnets are compelled to
move against their magnetic pull. This explains the dynamo.

Now take up the cycle of the motor, and note in Fig. 124 that the
negative magnets D of the armature are closely approaching the positive
and negative magnets, on one side; and the positive magnets C are
nearing the positive and negatives on the other side. The positives A,
therefore, attract the negatives D, and the negative B exert a pull on
the positives C at the same time. The result is that the armature is
caused to revolve, as shown by the dart G, in a direction opposite to
the dart in Fig. 120.

[Illustration: _Figs. 124-125._ ACTION OF MAGNETS IN MOTOR]

When the pole pieces of the magnets C, D are about to pass magnets A, B,
as shown in Fig. 125, it is necessary to change the polarities of the
armature magnets C, D; so that by reference to Fig. 126, it will be seen
that they are now indicated as C-, and D+, respectively, and have moved
to a point midway between the poles A, B (as in Fig. 125), where the
pull on one side, and the push on the other are again the same, and the
last Figure 127 shows the cycle nearly completed.

The shaft of the motor armature is now the element which turns the
mechanism which is to be operated. To convert electrical impulses into
power, as thus shown, results in great loss. The first step is to take
the steam boiler, which is the first stage in that source which is the
most common and universal, and by means of fuel, converting water into
steam. The second is to use the pressure of this steam to drive an
engine; the third is to drive the dynamo which generates the electrical
impulse; and the fourth is the conversion from the dynamo into a motor
shaft. Loss is met with at each step, and the great problem is to
eliminate this waste.

[Illustration: _Figs. 126-127._ POSITIONS OF MAGNETS IN MOTOR]

The great advantage of electrical power is not in utilizing it for
consumption at close ranges, but where it is desired to transmit it for
long distances. Such il