rs with elaborate quarterings. Examples are
in South Kensington Museum. But this savage heraldry is not nearly so
common as the institution of totemism. Thus it is difficult to prove
that the heraldry is the origin of totemism, which is just as likely, or
more likely, to have been the origin of savage heraldic crests and
quarterings. Mr. Max Muller allows that there may be other origins.

Gods and Totems

Our author refers to unnamed writers who call Indra or Ammon a totem (i.
200).

This is a foolish liberty with language. 'Why should not all the gods of
Egypt with their heads of bulls and apes and cats be survivals of
totemisms?' Why not, indeed? Professor Sayce remarks, 'They were the
sacred animals of the clans,' survivals from an age 'when the religion of
Egypt was totemism.' 'In Egypt the gods themselves are totem-deities,
i.e. personifications or individual representations of the sacred
character and attributes which in the purely totem stage of religion were
ascribed without distinction to all animals of the holy kind.' So says
Dr. Robertson Smith. He and Mr. Sayce are 'scholars,' not mere
unscholarly anthropologists. {76}

An Objection

Lastly (ii. 403), when totems infected 'even those who ought to have been
proof against this infantile complaint' (which is not even a 'disease of
language' of a respectable type), then 'the objection that a totem meant
originally a clan-mark was treated as scholastic pedantry.' Alas, I fear
with justice! For if I call Mr. Arthur Balfour a Tory will Mr. Max
Muller refute my opinion by urging that 'a Tory meant originally an Irish
rapparee,' or whatever the word _did_ originally mean?

Mr. Max Muller decides that 'we never find a religion consisting
exclusively of a belief in fetishes, or totems, or ancestral spirits.'
Here, at last, we are in absolute agreement. So much for totems and sign-
boards. Only a weak fanatic will find a totem in every animal connected
with gods, sacred names, and religious symbols. But totemism is a fact,
whether 'totem' originally meant a clan-mark or sign-board in America or
not. And, like Mr. Sayce, Mr. Frazer, Mr. Rhys, Dr. Robertson Smith, I
believe that totemism has left marks in civilised myth, ritual, and
religion, and that these survivals, not a 'disease of language,' explain
certain odd elements in the old civilisations.

A Weak Brother

Our author's habit of omitting references to his opponents has