to the Negro paths long closed to him, the effect
of which cannot fail to elevate to an appreciable degree his status in
the industrial world. Then, by enjoyment of this right, the Negro will
no longer in effect be excluded from the higher type of occupations
and pushed into those commonly regarded as menial and held in
disdain.[123]

FOOTNOTES:

[107] Haynes, G. E., _Survey_, 40: 116, May 4, 1918.

[108] White, W. F., _The Crisis_, 19: 113, Jan., 1920.

[109] _New Republic_, 7: 213, July 1, 1916.

[110] _Living Age_, 295: 58, Oct. 6, 1917.

[111] Tyson, F. D., _Negro Migration in 1916-17_, Rep. U. S. Dept.
Lab., pp. 145-48.

[112] Kingsley, H. M., _The Negro Migration_, Rep. Home Missions
Council, Jan., 1919.

[113] Tyson, F. D., _Negro Migration in 1916-17_, Rep. U. S. Dept.
Lab., p. 129.

[114] Tyson, F. D., _Negro Migration in 1916-17_, Rep. U. S. Dept.
Lab., pp. 129-30.

[115] Tyson, F. D., _Negro Migration in 1916-17_, Rep. U. S. Dept.
Lab., pp. 130-31.

[116] _Ibid._, pp. 131-32.

[117] _Ibid._, p. 133.

[118] _New York Times_, Sept. 4, 1917, 7: 1.

[119] Bryce, James, _The American Commonwealth_, 1916 ed., p. 549.

[120] Jones, E. K., _The Negro in Industry_, pp. 2-3.

[121] Hoxie, R. F., _Trade Unionism in the U. S._, pp. 112-135.

[122] Woofter, T. J., Jr., "The Negro and Industrial Peace," _Survey_,
45: 491, Dec. 18, 1920.

[123] _New York Times_, June 16, 1919, 12: 5.

CHAPTER VII

THE EFFECTS OF THE MIGRATION UPON THE MIGRANTS THEMSELVES

We pass on now to the study of the effects of the movement upon the
migrants themselves, or to a consideration of the behavior of the
Negroes under the existing economic and social conditions in the new
environment. This obviously involves an examination into the results
of the efforts exerted by the newcomers in order to become adjusted to
their new surroundings. In this regard the thing that was primal and
most fundamental was the economic interest, or the interest of
self-maintenance, which, as has been shown, was the most powerful
force operating to draw the Negroes to the North. This interest was
satisfied by the admittance of the Negroes in large numbers into lines
of work hitherto closed to them; but these were for the most part
unskilled occupations. It is estimated that of the thousands of
Negroes who moved North about 90 per cent of them were engaged in
unskilled work and that the other 10 per cent performed either
semi-skill