t with a great saving of
fuel compared with the same sized copper set in the ordinary way.

_Pumps, the best and most economical construction, also the most
effectual, and least liable to fail or get out of order; how best
treated in cold weather to prevent freezing, or when frozen to remove
the inconvenience._

Freezing often retards the brewer's operations, and gives him
considerable trouble and delay. To obviate these inconveniences, I
would recommend having the rod of wood, instead of iron, so long as to
work in a brass chamber, two feet above the lower box; if the pump be
long, the rod may be made with joints of iron, and keys properly made,
so as to have it in two, three, or four pieces, capable of being taken
asunder; suppose the diameter of your chamber to be six inches, I would
have the diameter of the rod five inches, which, being so much lighter
than the column of water it displaces, will make the stroke
comparatively light and easy to the horse, and not near so great a
strain on the pump, delivering as much water or wort, it is expected,
as will be found necessary for all the purposes of a brewery. But
should it so happen, that any deficiency is found in the quantity of
water and wort so delivered, it is only necessary to reduce the
diameter of the wooden rod, from one quarter to half an inch more, and
this will proportionably augment the quantity of water and wort
delivered at each stroke. The water pumps, which in winter are exposed
to the effects of the external air, should have a casing round them of
boards from the level of the ground to half their height above it,
which casing should be stuffed with dry hay, straw, or shavings, and
well rammed; this casing should be water-tight round the pump, at the
top, and a cock placed over it on one side of the pump, to let off the
standing water; then stuff the mouth of the pump with hay or straw, and
so treated the remaining water in the pump will never freeze in the
coldest winter.

But where these precautions have not been taken, and the charge in your
pump becomes frozen, and you wish to clear it, get one quart of bay
salt, throw it into your pump, stop the mouth of it at the top, and in
the course of a few hours the salt will have dissolved the ice in your
pump, and you may go to work; this is much more effectual and less
troublesome than using hot water, which must be repeated in great
quantities before it will produce its effect.

_Clean