opposition, and, when the next election comes, their friends outnumber
their enemies and the "dry" policy of a city, county, or state is
reversed.

The failures attributed to prohibitive or restrictive measures are
probably no more numerous than the failures of government in other
respects. The present ambassador from England, James Bryce, writing his
_American Commonwealth_, declared that municipal government was
America's "most conspicuous failure." The mayor of Toledo, writing in
1907, says, "There has been a pessimism, almost enthusiastic, about the
city." These failures are due not to any lack of desire for good
government, not to any fundamental evils of cities, but to the fact
that municipal reform, like the crusade against alcohol, has been based
upon emotionalism, not upon definite proof. Reformers have been unable
to lead in the right direction, because they have looked at their
lantern instead of their road. Not having cumulative information as to
government acts, they have been unable to keep their fires burning. To
illustrate: in November, 1907, the governor of New York state, the
mayor of New York City, and reformers of national reputation eulogized
the tenement-house department; yet this department, whose founding was
regarded as a national benefaction, was the only department of the city
government that did not receive an increase for 1908. It is in the
position of temperance legislation, the facts of whose enforcement or
nonenforcement are not promptly and continuously made public.

Fear of the negro victim of alcoholism, social evils of intemperance,
whether among white or black, industrial uncertainty and waste due to
alcoholism, are the three chief motives that have swept alcohol traffic
out of the greater part of the South. Knowledge of physiological evils
has had little influence, except as it may have rendered more
acceptable the claim that alcoholism is a disease against which there
is no insurance except abolition of alcohol as a beverage. Religious
revivals, street parades by day and by night, illustrated banners,
personal intercession, lines of women and children at the polls, made
it necessary for voters to make known their intention, and made it
extremely difficult for respectable men, engaged in respectable
business, to vote for saloons. Some states have gone so far as to
prohibit the manufacture of alcoholic stimulants, even though not
offered for sale within state limits. In Georgia win