(1562-3). Results.

4. The Company of Jesus. New monastic orders. Loyola. _The Spiritual
Exercises_. Rapid growth and successes of the Jesuits. Their final
failure.

5. The Inquisition and the Index. The medieval Inquisition. The
Spanish Inquisition. The Roman Inquisition. Censorship of the press.
_The Index of Prohibited Books_.

CHAPTER IX. THE IBERIAN PENINSULA AND THE EXPANSION
OF EUROPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425

1. Spain. Unification of Spain under Ferdinand and Isabella. Charles
V. Revolts of the Communes and of the Hermandad. Constitution of
Spain. The Spanish empire. Philip II. The war with the Moriscos.
The Armada.

2. Exploration. Columbus. Conquest of Mexico and of Peru.
Circumnavigation of the globe. Portuguese exploration to the East.
Brazil. Decadence of Portugal. Russia. The Turks.

CHAPTER X. SOCIAL CONDITIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451

1. Population.

2. Wealth and Prices. Increase of wealth in modern times. Prices and
wages in the Sixteenth Century. Value of money. Trend of prices.

3. Social Institutions. The monarchy, the Council of state, the
Parliament. Public finance. Maintenance of Order. Sumptuary laws and
"blue laws." The army. The navy.

4. Private life and manners. The nobility; the professions; the
clergy. The city, the house, dress, food, drink. Sports. Manners.
Morals. Position of Women. Health.

CHAPTER XI. THE CAPITALISTIC REVOLUTION . . . . . . . . . 515

1. The Rise of the Power of Money. Rise of capitalism. Banking.
Mining. Commerce. Manufacture. Agriculture.

2. The Rise of the Money Power. Ascendancy of the bourgeoisie over the
nobility, clergy, and proletariat. Class wars. Regulation of Labor.
Pauperism.

CHAPTER XII. MAIN CURRENTS OF THOUGHT . . . . . . . . . 563

1. Biblical and classical scholarship. Greek and Hebrew Bibles.
Translations. The classics. The vernaculars.

2. History. Humanistic history and church history.

3. Political theory. The state as power: Machiavelli. Constitutional
liberty: Erasmus, Luther, Calvin, Hotman, Mornay, Bodin, Buchanan.
Radicals: the _Utopia_.

4. Science. Inductive method. Mathematics. Zooelogy. Anatomy.
Physics. Geography. Astronomy; Copernicus. Reform of the calendar.

5. Philosophy. The Catholic and Protestant thinkers. Skeptics.
Effect of the Copernican theory: Bruno.

CHAPTER XIII. THE TEMPER O