r governmental system which we deem essential to the rule of law
and the maintenance of individual freedom, and of which they have,
unfortunately, been denied the experience possessed by us; that there
are also certain practical rules of government which we have found to
be essential to the preservation of these great principles of liberty
and law, and that these principles and these rules of government must
be established and maintained in their islands for the sake of their
liberty and happiness, however much they may conflict with the customs
or laws of procedure with which they are familiar.

It is evident that the most enlightened thought of the Philippine
Islands fully appreciates the importance of these principles and rules,
and they will inevitably within a short time command universal assent.
Upon every division and branch of the government of the Philippines,
therefore, must be imposed these inviolable rules:

That no person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property without
due process of law; that private property shall not be taken for public
use without just compensation; that in all criminal prosecutions the
accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, to be
informed of the nature and cause of the accusation, to be confronted
with the witnesses against him, to have compulsory process for obtaining
witnesses in his favor, and to have the assistance of counsel for his
defense; that excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines
imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishment inflicted; that no person
shall be put twice in jeopardy for the same offense, or be compelled in
any criminal case to be a witness against himself; that the right to be
secure against unreasonable searches and seizures shall not be violated;
that neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall exist except as a
punishment for crime; that no bill of attainder or _ex-post-facto_
law shall be passed; that no law shall be passed abridging the freedom
of speech or of the press, or the rights of the people to peaceably
assemble and petition the Government for a redress of grievances; that
no law shall be made respecting an establishment of religion, or
prohibiting the free exercise thereof, and that the free exercise and
enjoyment of religious profession and worship without discrimination or
preference shall forever be allowed.

It will be the dut