ves whether legally permitted or not; they sent them on
responsible errands to markets dozens of miles away, often without
providing them with passes; they sanctioned and encouraged assemblies under
conditions prohibited by law; they taught their slaves at will to read and
write, and used them freely in forbidden employments. Such practices as
these were often noted and occasionally complained of in the press, but
they were seldom obstructed. When outside parties took legal steps to
interfere in the master's routine administration, indeed, they were
prompted probably as often by personal animosity as by devotion to the
law. An episode of the sort, where the complainants were envious poorer
neighbors, was related with sarcasm and some philosophical moralizing by
W.B. Hodgson, of whose plantation something has been previously said, in
a letter to Senator Hammond: "I am somewhat 'riled' with Burke. The
benevolent neighbors have lately had me in court under indictment for cruel
treatment of my fat, lazy, rollicking sambos. For fifty years they have
eaten their own meat and massa's too; but inasmuch as rich massa did not
_buy_ meat, the _poor Benevolens_ indicted him. So was my friend Thomas
Foreman, executor of Governor Troup. My suit was withdrawn; he was
acquitted. I have some crude notions about that thing slavery in the end.
Its tendency, as with landed accumulations in England, or Aaron's rod, is
to swallow up other small rods, and inevitably to attract the benevolence
of the smaller ones. You may have two thousand acres of land in a body.
That is unfeeling--land is. But a body of a thousand negroes appeals to the
finer sentiments of the heart. The agrarian battle is hard to fight. But
'_les amis des noirs_' in our midst have the vantage ground, particularly
when rejected overseers come in as spies. _C'est un peu degoutant, mon cher
ami_; but I can stand the racket."[22]

[Footnote 22: Letter of W.B. Hodgson, Savannah, Ga., June 19, 1859, to J.H.
Hammond. MS. among the Hammond papers in the Library of Congress. "Burke"
is the county in which Hodgson's plantation lay.]

The courts exercising jurisdiction over slaves were of two sorts, those of
inferior grade and amateurish character which dealt with them as persons,
and those of superior rank and genuine magisterial quality which handled
them as property and sometimes, on appeal, as persons as well. These
lower courts for the trial of slave crimes had vices in plenty. Th