logy" and "Principles of
Sociology." I have attempted here to show the three parallel branches
of its consequences, and, again, their common root, a constitutive and
primordial property inherent in every instrumentality.]

[Footnote 2202: Cf. "The Revolution," III., book VI., ch. 2 The
encroachments of the State and their effect on individuals is there
treated. Here, the question is their effects on corporations. Read, on
the same subject, "Gladstone on Church and State," by Macaulay, and "The
Man versus the State," by Herbert Spencer, two essays in which the close
reasoning and abundance of illustrations are admirable.]

[Footnote 2203: "The Revolution," III, 346. (Laffont II. p 258.)]

[Footnote 2204: Ibid., III. 284 Laff. 213.]

[Footnote 2205: "The Revolution," III., 353, 416. (Laffont II. notes pp
262 and 305 to 308.)]

[Footnote 2206: "The Ancient Regime," 64, 65, 76, 77, 120, 121, 292.
(Laffont I. pp. 52-53, 60-61, 92 to 94, 218 to 219.)]

[Footnote 2207: "The Revolution," I., 177 and following pages. (Laffont
I, pp. 438 to 445.)]

[Footnote 2208: The essays of Herbert Spencer furnish examples for
England under the title of "Over-legislation and Representative
government." Examples for France may be found in "Liberte du Travail,"
by Charles Dunoyer (1845). This work anticipates most of the ideas of
Herbert Spencer, lacking only the physiological "illustrations."]

CHAPTER III. THE NEW GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATION.

I. Precedents of the new organization.

Precedents of the new organization.--In practical
operation.--Anterior usurpations of the public power.
--Spontaneous bodies under the Ancient Regime and during the
Revolution.--Ruin and discredit of their supports.--The
central power their sole surviving dependence.

Unfortunately, in France at the end of the eighteenth century the bent
was taken and the wrong bent. For three centuries and more the public
power had increasingly violated and discredited spontaneous bodies:

Sometimes it had mutilated them and decapitated them; for example, it
had suppressed provincial governments (etats) over three-quarters of the
territory, in all the electoral districts; nothing remained of the old
province but its name and an administrative circumscription.

Sometimes, without mutilating the corporate body it had upset and
deformed it, or dislocated and disjointed it.--So that in the
towns, through changes made in old democratic c