for urban centers

_#_Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $40.6
million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments
(1970-88), $6.4 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $17 million

_#_Currency: kina (plural--kina); 1 kina (K) = 100 toea

_#_Exchange rates: kina (K) per US$1--1.0549 (January 1991), 1.0467
(1990), 1.1685 (1989), 1.1538 (1988), 1.1012 (1987), 1.0296 (1986),
1.0000 (1985)

_#_Fiscal year: calendar year

_*_Communications
_#_Highways: 19,200 km total; 640 km paved, 10,960 km gravel, crushed
stone, or stabilized-soil surface, 7,600 km unimproved earth

_#_Inland waterways: 10,940 km

_#_Ports: Anewa Bay, Lae, Madang, Port Moresby, Rabaul

_#_Merchant marine: 9 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 26,711
GRT/34,682 DWT; includes 5 cargo, 1 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 1 combination
ore/oil, 2 bulk

_#_Civil air: about 15 major transport aircraft

_#_Airports: 567 total, 479 usable; 19 with permanent-surface runways;
none with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
40 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

_#_Telecommunications: services are adequate and being improved;
facilities provide radiobroadcast, radiotelephone and telegraph, coastal
radio, aeronautical radio, and international radiocommunication services;
submarine cables extend to Australia and Guam; 51,700 telephones (1985);
stations--31 AM, 2 FM, 2 TV (1987); 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth
station

_*_Defense Forces
_#_Branches: Papua New Guinea Defense Force (including Army, Navy,
Air Force)

_#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 983,175; 546,824 fit for
military service

_#_Defense expenditures: $42 million, 1.3% of GDP (1989 est.)
_%_
_@_Paracel Islands
_*_Geography
_#_Total area: undetermined

_#_Comparative area: undetermined

_#_Land boundaries: none

_#_Coastline: 518 km

_#_Maritime claims: undetermined

_#_Disputes: occupied by China, but claimed by Taiwan and Vietnam

_#_Climate: tropical

_#_Terrain: undetermined

_#_Natural resources: none

_#_Land use: arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures
0%; forest and woodland 0%; other 100%

_#_Environment: subject to typhoons

_#_Note: located 400 km east of Vietnam in the South China Sea
about one-third of the way between Vietnam and the Philippines

_*_People
_#_Population: no permanent inhabitants

_*_Government
_#_Long-form name: none

_*