nsumers' surplus, 105.

Consumption, 24-25, note;
as affected by improvements in methods, 273-274;
by increased productive power, 305-306;
by increase of individual incomes, 292;
diversification of, 62-63, 206-207.

Corporations, 376 _et seq._

Cost, 130;
contrasted with utility, 43-44;
elements of, 115-116;
fixed and variable, 412 _et seq._;
in static state, 132-133;
law of increasing, 44-47;
lowest, as determinant of standard price, 263-264;
measurement of, 47-49, 209;
relation to final utility, 53-54;
relation to incomes, 126;
relation to price, 114-115;
specific, 45.

Demand and supply, 93-94, 96.

Demand, reciprocal, 292.

Demand, relation to final utility, 97.

Diminishing productivity, 148-149;
of labor, 134 _et seq._

Diminishing returns, 56;
in agriculture, 165-166, 398 _et seq._;
in manufactures, 398-399.

Diminishing utility, law of, 98.

Distribution, 60;
contrasted with production, Ch. V;
functional and personal, 89-91;
group, 92-93.

Division of labor, 61 _et seq._

"Dumping," 526.

Dynamic influences, 130-132, 195 _et seq._

Dynamics, Ch. XII.

Economics, 1 _et seq._, 61.

Education, effect on increase of population, 330-331.

Effective utility, 8 note, 54 note.

Eight-hour movement, 514-516.

_Entrepreneur_, 83 _et seq._; 117 _et seq._; 153 _et seq._;
in dynamic state, 123-124;
in static state, 121-122.

Exchange, 63-64.

Factory legislation, effect on increase of population, 331-332.

Final productivity, 139 _et seq._, 156-157.

Final utility, 8 note, 51 note, 54 note, 98-99;
relation to cost, 53-54;
relation to demand, 97.

Free coinage, 538-539.

Free trade, arguments for, 231, 518-519.

Friction, economic, 373.

Future, undervaluation of, 345 _et seq._

Giddings, F. H., 381.

Government ownership, 378, 383-385.

Groups, economic, 64 _et seq._

Immigrants, disadvantages of, 245 _et seq._

Improvements in methods, 204, 212;
as source of new capital, 230;
effect on capital, Ch. XVIII;
effect on labor, 312 _et seq._;
effect on quality of goods, 273-274;
in backward regions, 235-236.

Increasing returns, 398-401.

Inflation, effects of, 539 _et seq._

Interest, 85, Ch. IX;
as affected by changes in the value of money, 543 _et seq._;
as a