vii

PART I

TERRORISM IN WESTERN EUROPE

CHAPTER
I. THE FATHER OF TERRORISM 3
II. A SERIES OF INSURRECTIONS 28
III. THE PROPAGANDA OF THE DEED 49
IV. JOHANN MOST IN AMERICA 62
V. A SERIES OF TRAGEDIES 77
VI. SEEKING THE CAUSES 90

PART II

STRUGGLES WITH VIOLENCE

VII. THE BIRTH OF MODERN SOCIALISM 125
VIII. THE BATTLE BETWEEN MARX AND BAKOUNIN 154
IX. THE FIGHT FOR EXISTENCE 194
X. THE NEWEST ANARCHISM 229
XI. THE OLDEST ANARCHISM 276
XII. VISIONS OF VICTORY 327
AUTHORITIES 357
INDEX 375

PART I

TERRORISM IN WESTERN EUROPE

[Illustration: MICHAEL BAKOUNIN]

Violence and the Labor Movement

CHAPTER I

THE FATHER OF TERRORISM

"Dante tells us," writes Macaulay, "that he saw, in Malebolge, a strange
encounter between a human form and a serpent. The enemies, after cruel
wounds inflicted, stood for a time glaring on each other. A great cloud
surrounded them, and then a wonderful metamorphosis began. Each creature
was transfigured into the likeness of its antagonist. The serpent's tail
divided into two legs; the man's legs intertwined themselves into a
tail. The body of the serpent put forth arms; the arms of the man shrank
into his body. At length the serpent stood up a man, and spake; the man
sank down a serpent, and glided hissing away."[1] Something, I suppose,
not unlike this appalling picture of Dante's occurs in the world
whenever a man's soul becomes saturated with hatred. It will be
remembered, for instance, that even Shelley's all-forgiving and sublime
Prometheus was forced by the torture of the furies to cry out in
anguish,

"Whilst I behold such execrable shapes,
Methinks I grow like what I contemplate."

It would not be strange, then, if here and there a man's entire nature
were transfigured when he sees a monster appear, cruel, pitiless, and
unyielding, crushing to the earth the weak, the weary, and the
heavy-laden. Nor is it strange that in Russia--the blackest Malebolge in
the modern world--a litter of avengers is born every generation of the
savage brutality, the murderous oppression, the satanic infamy of the
Russian gover