r
side of abacus, with elegant foliage arranged horizontally.
Doors frequently without shafts, the arch moulding running
down the jambs. Rich doorways and windows often surrounded
with triangular and ogee-shaped canopies. Buttresses in
stages variously ornamented. Parapet pierced with
quatrefoils and flowing tracery. Niches panelled and with
projecting canopies. Spires lofty; the broach rarely used,
parapets and angle pinnacles take the place of it. Roofs of
moderate pitch open to the framing. Mouldings bold and
finely proportioned, generally in groups, the groups
separated from each other by hollows, composed of segments
of circles. Deep hollows, now generally confined to inner
angles. Mouldings varying in size and kind, arranged on
diagonal as well as rectangular planes, often ornamented
with ball flower. Foliage chiefly of ivy, oak, and vine
leaves; natural, also conventional. Rich crockets, finials,
and pinnacles. Vaulting with intermediate ribs, ridge ribs,
and late in the style lierne ribs, and bosses.

PERPENDICULAR. Richard II. A.D. 1377. (_Transition._)
Henry IV. " 1399.
Henry V. " 1413.
Henry VI. " 1422.
Edward IV. " 1461.
Edward V. " 1483.
Richard III. " 1483.

TUDOR. Henry VII. " 1485.
Henry VIII. " 1509 to 1546.

Arches at first inclosing an equilateral triangle,
afterwards obtusely pointed and struck from four centres.
Piers generally oblong; longitudinal direction north and
south. Mouldings continued from base through arch. Capitals
with mouldings large, angular, and few, with abacus and bell
imperfectly defined. Foliage of conventional character,
shallow, and square in outline. Bases polygonal. Windows
where lofty divided into stories by transoms. The mullions
often continued perpendicularly into the head. Canopies of
ogee character enriched with crockets. Doors generally with
square label over arch, the spandrels filled with ornament.
Buttresses with bold projection often ending in finials.
Flying buttresses pierced with tracery. Walls profusely
ornamented with panelling. Parapets embattled and panelled.
Open timber roofs of moderate pitch, of elaborate
construc