itional cleansing agents. It also
includes the finishing of these materials by the use of blueing, starch,
and heated irons, to restore as far as possible their original
appearance.

The principles of laundry work have been taught in the washing of dish
cloths and towels, and now these principles have only to be extended to
white cotton and linen clothes of any kind.

The pupils may be asked to bring soiled articles of white linen or
cotton from home for use at school in exemplifying the necessary
processes. In schools which lack an equipment, these processes may be
discussed in class and then practised at home. The teacher should choose
from the following outline what is most suitable to the class:

OUTLINE OF LESSONS ON THE WASHING OF WHITE COTTON AND LINEN CLOTHES

LESSON I

MATERIALS

1. Water:

(1) Use:
(_a_) To soften and dissolve certain foreign
substances in the clothes.
(_b_) To carry away all the foreign matter that
has been dissolved or rubbed out of the
clothes.

(_2_) Kinds:
(_a_) _Hard water_
(_b_) _Soft water_

For laundry purposes, the water should be soft.
The quality known as hardness, which some water
has, is due to the lime which it has dissolved
in making its way through the earth.

Water is said to be temporarily or permanently
hard according to the kind of lime it has in
solution. Temporarily hard water may be
softened by boiling; the lime will be
deposited, as may be seen in the "furring" of
tea-kettles. Boiling has no effect in softening
permanently hard water, so a substance known as
an _alkali_ is used for this purpose.

(3) Methods of softening water by alkalies.--For
each gallon of water use one of the following:
(_a_) One tablespoonful of borax or ammonia
dissolved in one cup of water.
(_b_) Two tablespoonfuls of a solution made by
dissolving one pound of washing soda in one
quart of boiling water.
(_c_) One fourth tablespoonful of lye dissolved
in one cup of water.

2. Alkalies (borax, ammonia, washing soda, lye):

(1) Use:
(_a_) To soften hard water
(_b_) To assist in dissolving greasy