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ange. LIFE AFLOAT. The general evolution of wooden sailing craft may be traced out in Part I of Sir George Holmes's convenient little treatise on _Ancient and Modern Ships_. There is no nautical dictionary devoted to Elizabethan times. But a good deal can be picked up from the two handy modern glossaries of Dana and Admiral Smyth, the first being an American author, the second a British one. Smyth's _Sailor's Word Book_ has no alternative title. But Dana's _Seaman's Friend_ is known in England under the name of _The Seaman's Manual_. Technicalities change so much more slowly afloat than ashore that even the ultra-modern editions of Paasch's magnificent polyglot dictionary, _From Keel to Truck_, still contain many nautical terms which will help the reader out of some of his difficulties. The life of the sea-dogs, gentlemen-adventurers, and merchant-adventurers should be studied in Hakluyt's collection of _Principal Navigations, Voiages, Traffiques, and Discoveries_; though many of his original authors were landsmen while a few were civilians as well. This Elizabethan Odyssey, the great prose epic of the English race, was first published in a single solemn folio the year after the Armada--1589. In the nineteenth century the Hakluyt Society reprinted and edited these _Navigations_ and many similar works, though not without employing some editors who had no knowledge of the Navy or the sea. In 1893 E.J. Payne brought out a much handier edition of the _Voyages of the Elizabethan Seamen to America_ which gives the very parts of Hakluyt we want for our present purpose, and gives them with a running accompaniment of pithy introductions and apposite footnotes. Nearly all historians are both landsmen and civilians whose sins of omission and commission are generally at their worst in naval and nautical affairs. But James Anthony Froude, whatever his other faults may be, did know something of life afloat, and his _English Seamen in the Sixteenth Century_, despite its ultra-Protestant tone, is well worth reading. HAWKINS. _The Hawkins Voyages_, published by the Hakluyt Society, give the best collection of original accounts. They deal with three generations of this famous family and are prefaced by a good introduction. _A Sea-Dog of Devon_, by R.A.J. Walling (1907) is the best recent biography of Sir John Hawkins. DRAKE. Politics, policy, trade, and colonization were all dependent on sea power; and just as the English Navy w
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