which may follow the ignorance of husbands (see, e.g., "The Sexual Impulse
in Women," vol. iii of these _Studies_), and will be necessary again in
Ch. XI of the present volume.

[307] Pepys, _Diary_, ed. Wheatley, vol. vii, p. 10.

[308] Lombroso and Ferrero, _La Donna Delinquente_; cf. Havelock Ellis,
_Man and Woman_, fourth edition, p. 196.

[309] Gury, _Theologie Morale_, art. 381.

[310] "Men will not learn what women are," remarks Rosa Mayreder (_Zur
Kritik der Weiblichkeit_, p. 199), "until they have left off prescribing
what they ought to be."

[311] It has been set out, for instance, by Professor Wahrmund in _Ehe und
Eherecht_, 1908. I need scarcely refer again to the writings of Ellen Key,
which may be said to be almost epoch-making in their significance,
especially (in German translation) _Ueber Liebe und Ehe_ (also French
translation), and (in English translation, Putnam, 1909), the valuable,
though less important work, _The Century of the Child_. See also Edward
Carpenter, _Love's Coming of Age_; Forel, _Die Sexuelle Frage_ (English
translation, abridged, _The Sexual Question_, Rebman, 1908); Bloch,
_Sexualleben unsere Zeit_ (English translation, _The Sexual Life of Our
Time_, Rebman, 1908); Helene Stoecker, _Die Liebe und die Frauen_, 1906;
and Paul Lapie, _La Femme dans la Famille_, 1908.

CHAPTER X.

MARRIAGE.

The Definition of Marriage--Marriage Among Animals--The Predominance of
Monogamy--The Question of Group Marriage--Monogamy a Natural Fact, Not
Based on Human Law--The Tendency to Place the Form of Marriage Above the
Fact of Marriage--The History of Marriage--Marriage in Ancient
Rome--Germanic Influence on Marriage--Bride-Sale--The Ring--The Influence
of Christianity on Marriage--The Great Extent of This Influence--The
Sacrament of Matrimony--Origin and Growth of the Sacramental
Conception--The Church Made Marriage a Public Act--Canon Law--Its Sound
Core--Its Development--Its Confusions and Absurdities--Peculiarities of
English Marriage Law--Influence of the Reformation on Marriage--The
Protestant Conception of Marriage as a Secular Contract--The Puritan
Reform of Marriage--Milton as the Pioneer of Marriage Reform--His Views on
Divorce--The Backward Position of England in Marriage Reform--Criticism of
the English Divorce Law--Traditions of the Canon Law Still Persistent--The
Question of Damages for Adultery--Collusion as a Bar to
Divorce--Divorce in France, Germany, Austria, Russia,