not attend the lycee because they like it, they must
come through necessity; to this end, other issues are rendered difficult
and several are entirely barred; and better still, all those that are
tolerated are made to converge to one sole central outlet, a university
establishment, in such a way that the director of each private school,
changed from a rival into a purveyor, serves the university instead
of injuring it and gives it pupils instead of taking them away. In the
first place, his high standard of instruction is limited;[6117] even
in the country and in the towns that have neither lycee nor college, he
must teach nothing above a fixed degree; if he is the principal of an
institution, this degree must not go beyond the class of the humanities;
he must leave to the faculties of the State their domain intact,
differential calculus, astronomy, geology, natural history and superior
literature. If he is the master of a boarding-school, this degree must
not extend beyond grammar classes, nor the first elements of geometry
and arithmetic; he must leave to State lycees and colleges their domain
intact, the humanities properly so called, superior lectures and means
of secondary instruction.--In the second place, in the towns possessing
a lycee or college, he must teach at home only what the University
leaves untaught;[6118] he is not deprived, indeed, of the younger boys;
he may still instruct and keep them; but he must conduct all his pupils
over ten years of age to the college or lycee, where they will regularly
follow the classes as day-scholars. Consequently, daily and twice a
day, he marches them to and fro between his house and the university
establishment; before going, in the intermission, and after the class is
dismissed he examines them in the lesson they have received out of
his house; apart from that, he lodges and feeds them, his office
being reduced to this. He is nothing beyond a watched and serviceable
auxiliary, a subaltern, a University tutor and "coach," a sort of
unpaid, or rather paying, schoolmaster and innkeeper in its employ.

All this does not yet suffice. Not only does the State recruit its
day-scholars in his establishment but it takes from him his
boarding-scholars. "On and after the first of November 1812,[6119] the
heads of institutions and the masters of boarding-schools shall receive
no resident pupils in their houses above the age of nine years, until
the lycee or college, established in t