. MS. 4690),

"This was do with merry sowne.
With pipes trumpes and tabers thereto.
And loud clariones they blew also."

A prose account of the battle in the same MS. states that the "Englische
mynstrelles beaten their tabers and blewen their trompes and pipers
pipenede loude and made a great schowte upon the Skottes."

Froissart, under date 1338, gives details of the means taken by the
Scots to intimidate the soldiers of Edward III.[5] Having mentioned
their great horns, he adds, "ils font si grand' noise avec grands
tambours qu'ils ont aussi." The same chronicler, describing the
triumphal entry of Edward III. into Calais (1347), gives the following
list of instruments used: "trompes, tambours, nacaires, chalemies,
muses."[6]

Drums were used in the British army in the 16th century to give signals
in war and peace-side drums by the infantry and dragoons, and
kettledrums by the cavalry.[7] In the reign of Henry VIII. two drummers
were allowed to every company of 100 men. The chief drum beats used by
the infantry in the 17th century[8] were _call_, _troop_, _preparative_,
_march_, _battaile_ and _retreat_; these were later[9] changed to
_general_, _reveille_, _assembly_ or _troop_, _tattoo_, _chamade_, &c.
The side drum was admitted into the orchestra in the 17th century, when
Marais (1636-1728) scored for it in his opera _Alcione_. (K. S.)

FOOTNOTES:

[1] See Victor Mahillon, _Catalogue descriptif_ (Ghent, 1880), vol.
i. pp. 19 and 20.

[2] Joannes Mauburnius, _Rosetum exercitiorum spiritualium et
sacrarum meditationum_ (Paris, 1510), Alphabetum, ix.

[3] _Vier Bucher der Ritterschaft; mit manicherleyen gerusten_, &c.;
(Augsburg, 1534).

[4] Carl Engel, _The Music of the Most Ancient Nations_ (London,
1864), p. 219.

[5] _Chron._ ii. p. 737, see also Grose's _Military Antiquities_, ii.
41.

[6] See Froissart in J. A. Buchon, _Pantheon litt._ (Paris, 1837),
vol. i. cap. 322, p. 273.

[7] Sir John Smythe, _A Brief Discourse_ (London, 1594), pp. 158-159.

[8] Lieut.-Col. W. Bariffe, _Militarie Discipline, or the Young
Artilleryman_ (London, 1643).

[9] Sir James Turner, _Pallas armata_ (1685), xxi. 302.

DRUMMOND, HENRY (1786-1860), English banker, politician and writer, best
known as one of the founders of the Catholic Apostolic or "Irvingite"
Church, was born at the Grange, near Alresford, Hampshire, on the 5th of
December 1786. He wa