-shape, open at the top =SARRACENIACEAE=, p. 48.

45b. Leaves tubular, closed at the end 37b, in =LILIACEAE=, p. 13.

GROUP 3, MONOCOTYLEDONES

1a. Twining plants, with flowers in panicles or racemes

=DIOSCOREACEAE=, p. 14.

1b. Plants with milky juice

13a, in =COMPOSITAE=, p. 115.

1c. Plants not twining (some climb by tendrils) and not with milky
juice. --2.

2a. Flowers in close spikes or heads, surrounded or subtended by a
green or colored bract, the whole resembling a single flower;
petals minute or wanting; leaves broad, not grass-like, linear,
or sword-shape =ARACEAE=, p. 8.

2b. Plants with narrow, linear, grass-like, or sword-shape leaves
(a few species of Carex have broader, lanceolate to ovate
leaves); flowers greenish, yellowish, or brownish, never
brightly colored, and frequently dry or chaffy in texture;
perianth small or wanting; individual flowers inconspicuous in
size, but sometimes grouped into conspicuous clusters --3.

2c. Plants with leaves of various widths, but the flowers petaloid,
i. e., with a white or colored, more or less conspicuous
perianth, and never chaffy in texture. In a few cases the
flowers are greenish, but the size and conspicuousness of the
perianth identifies them in this class --9.

3a. Flowers in the axils of dry, membranous or chaffy scales, which are
regularly arranged into spikes or spikelets of uniform size and
structure, which are variously grouped or clustered; fruit an
achene; grasses and sedges, with joined stems and sheathing leaves,
or leafless and the stems not jointed --4.

3b. Flowers not subtended individually by dry, membranous, or chaffy
scales, and otherwise not agreeing with 3a --5.

4a. Leaf-sheaths split on the side opposite the leaf; leaves
usually 2-ranked, i. e., in 2 longitudinal rows with the third
leaf above the first; stems rounded or flat, never triangular,
usually hollow =GRAMINEAE=, p. 4.

4b. Leaf-sheaths closed into a continuous tube; leaves usually
3-ranked; stems frequently triangular, usually solid
=CYPERACEAE=, p. 7.

5a. Flowers in dense spikes --6.

5b. Flowers in heads, racemes, or panicles --7.

6a