nothing. A silver medal of John Quincy
Adams's administration, evidently presented to some Indian
chief was, in 1894, found in Wisconsin, twelve feet below the
surface. Iron and silver tools and ornaments, evidently made in
Paris for the Indian trade, have been found in Ohio and
Wisconsin mounds. It is now sufficiently demonstrated that the
mound-builders were the ancestors of the aborigines found in
the country by the first white settlers, and that the mounds
are of various ages, ranging perhaps from three hundred to a
thousand years. Various _Reports_ of the Bureau of Ethnology go
into the matter with convincing detail.--R. G. T.

[13] Jacob Wolf, in digging a well on Hacker's creek, found a
piece of timber which had been evidently cut off at one end,
twelve or thirteen feet in the ground--marks of the axe were
plainly distinguishable on it.

[39] CHRONICLES OF BORDER WARFARE.

CHAPTER I

At the time when Virginia became known to the whites, it was occupied
by many different tribes of Indians, attached to different nations.
That portion of the state lying north west of the Blue ridge, and
extending to the lakes was possessed by the Massawomees. These were a
powerful confederacy, rarely in amity with the tribes east of that
range of mountains; but generally harrassing them by frequent hostile
irruptions into their country. Of their subsequent history, nothing is
now known. They are supposed by some to have been the ancestors of the
Six Nations. It is however more probable, that they afterwards became
incorporated with these, as did several other tribes of Indians, who
used a language so essentially different from that spoken by the Six
Nations, as to render the intervention of interpreters necessary
between them.

As settlements were extended from the sea shore, the Massawomees
gradually retired; and when the white population reached the Blue
ridge of mountains, the valley between it and the Alleghany, was
entirely uninhabited. This delightful region of country was then only
used as a hunting ground, and as a highway for belligerant parties of
different nations, in their military expeditions against each other.
In consequence of the almost continued hostilities between the
northern and southern Indians, these expeditions were very frequent,
and tended somewhat to retard the settlement of the valley, and render
a