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80_, which contains a good sketch of railroad construction, and by R.P. Porter, _The West from the Census of 1880_ (1882). E.E. Sparks, _National Development_ (in _The American Nation_, vol. 23, 1907), is a useful survey of the years 1877 to 1885, and contains a good bibliographical chapter. The bibliographies in Channing, Hart, and Turner's _Guide to the Study and Reading of American History_ (1912) are specially valuable for the years 1876 to 1912. E.B. Andrews, _The United States in Our Own Time_ (1903), is discursive and entertaining. Special phases of material development may be reached through D.R. Dewey, _Financial History of the United States_; T.V. Powderly, _Thirty Years of Labor_ (1889); H. George, _Progress and Poverty_ (1879; and often reprinted), and the Aldrich Report on Prices (52d Congress, 2d session, Senate Report, No. 1394). Many interesting details are to be found in W.C. Hudson, _Random Recollections of an Old Political Reporter_ (1911); and J.F. Rhodes has touched upon this period in his essays, among which are "A Review of President Hayes's Administration in the Light of Thirty Years" (_Century Magazine_, October, 1909); "The Railroad Riots of 1877" (_Scribner's Magazine_, July, 1911); and "The National Republican Conventions of 1880 and 1884" (_Scribner's Magazine_, September, 1911). Among the economic journals started in the eighties, and containing a wealth of scholarly detail for contemporary history, are the _Quarterly Journal of Economics_ and the _Political Science Quarterly_. CHAPTER VII THE NEW ISSUES Garfield died before he met his first Congress, the Forty-seventh, which was elected with him in 1880, but he lived long enough to foresee the first chance to do party business that had appeared since 1875. When Grant lost the lower house at the election of 1874, the Democrats gained control of that body and Michael C. Kerr, of Indiana, supplanted Blaine as Speaker. On Kerr's death in 1876, Samuel J. Randall, of Pennsylvania, took the place, and was continued in it through the next two Congresses, in the latter of which, the Forty-sixth, his party controlled the Senate too. It had been impossible to produce an agreement between the Senate, the House, and the President on important new matters. They could not always agree even on appropriations, and all Republicans felt with Mrs. Blaine when she wrote, after the election of 1880, "Do you take in that the House is Republican, an
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