ificant. It has been shown that a layer of earth,.2
of an inch in thickness, is in many places annually brought to the
surface per acre; and if a small part of this amount flows, or rolls,
or is washed, even for a short distance, down every inclined surface,
or is repeatedly blown in one direction, a great effect will be
produced in the course of ages. It was found by measurements and
calculations that on a surface with a mean inclination of 9 deg. 26', 2.4
cubic inches of earth which had been ejected by worms crossed, in the
course of a year, a horizontal line one yard in length; so that two
hundred and forty cubic inches would cross a line one hundred yards in
length. This latter amount in a damp state would weigh eleven and
one-half pounds. Thus, a considerable weight of earth is continually
moving down each side of every valley, and will in time reach its bed.
Finally, this earth will be transported by the streams flowing in the
valleys into the ocean, the great receptacle for all matter denuded
from the land. It is known from the amount of sediment annually
delivered into the sea by the Mississippi, that its enormous
drainage-area must on an average be lowered.00263 of an inch each
year; and this would suffice in four and a half million years to lower
the whole drainage-area to the level of the seashore. So that if a
small fraction of the layer of fine earth,.2 of an inch in thickness,
which is annually brought to the surface by worms, is carried away, a
great result cannot fail to be produced within a period which no
geologist considers extremely long.
[Illustration: SECTION THROUGH ONE OF THE DRUIDICAL STONES AT
STONEHENGE, SHOWING HOW MUCH IT HAD SUNK INTO THE GROUND.
(Scale, 1/2 inch to 1 foot.)]
Archaeologists ought to be grateful to worms, as they protect and
preserve for an indefinitely long period every object, not liable to
decay, which is dropped on the surface of the land, by burying it
beneath their castings. Thus, also, many elegant and curious
tesselated pavements and other ancient remains have been preserved;
though no doubt the worms have in these cases been largely aided by
earth washed and blown from the adjoining land, especially when
cultivated. The old tesselated pavements have, however, often suffered
by having subsided unequally from being unequally undermined by the
worms. Even old massive walls may be undermined and subside; and no
building is in this respect safe, unless the foundati
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