arate elements are distinguishable: the Quaker
migration from North Carolina, moving chiefly because of anti-slavery
convictions; the "poor white" stream, made up in part of restless
hunters and thriftless pioneers moving without definite ambitions, and
in part of other classes, such as former overseers, migrating to the new
country with definite purpose of improving their fortunes.

These elements constituted well-marked features in the Southern
contribution to Indiana, and they explain why she has been named the
Hoosier State; but it should by no means be thought that all of the
Southern immigrants came under these classes, nor that these have been
the normal elements in the development of the Indiana of to-day. In the
Northwest, where interstate migration has been so continuous and
widespread, the lack of typical State peculiarities is obvious, and the
student of society, like the traveler, is tempted, in his effort to
distinguish the community from its neighbors, to exaggerate the odd and
exceptional elements which give a particular flavor to the State.
Indiana has suffered somewhat from this tendency; but it is undoubted
that these peculiarities of origin left deep and abiding influences upon
the State. In 1820 her settlement was chiefly in the southern counties,
where Southern and Middle States influence was dominant. Her two United
States Senators were Virginians by birth, while her Representative was
from Pennsylvania. The Southern element continued so powerful that one
student of Indiana origins has estimated that in 1850 one-third of the
population of the State were native Carolinians and their children in
the first generation. Not until a few years before the Civil War did the
Northern current exert a decisive influence upon Indiana. She had no
such lake ports as had her sister States, and extension of settlement
into the State from ports like Chicago was interrupted by the less
attractive area of the northwestern part of Indiana. Add to this the
geological fact that the limestone ridges and the best soils ran in
nearly perpendicular belts northward from the Ohio, and it will be seen
how circumstances combined to diminish Northern and to facilitate
Southern influences in the State prior to the railroad development.

In Illinois, also, the current of migration was at first preponderantly
Southern, but the settlers were less often from the Atlantic coast.
Kentucky and Tennessee were generous contributors, but m